BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 046, starting page 0088 |
DAYSTROM 046 MANUFACTURER Daystrom Incorporated, Control Systems Division APPLICATIONS The Daystrom 046 is a stored program digital computer designed specifically for use as the central processor in real-time monitoring and control systems. In such applications, the 046 operates as two interconnected, yet independent devices: The input/output section automatically controls and sequences information flow to and from various field and peripheral devices; the arithmetic and control section executes the program to perform all arithmetic and data handling functions. Both devices have independent access to memory and function simultaneously providing the adaptability and efficient use of computing time necessary for real time applications. Applications include on-line process monitoring and control, offline and on-line data reduction, off-line and on-line scientific calculation, on-line automatic checkout, and on-line high-speed data acquisition. The Daystrom 046 is used for on-line monitoring and control of the following industrial processes: chemical processing plants, gas dispatching centrals, nuclear test facilities, oil production fields, power plants, refineries, steel mills, television switching centrals, telemetry central, automatic checkout, range safety systems, communication switching and data acquisition. In addition, off-line uses are data reduction, scientific problem solving, and logistics and command problems. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 22 Binary digits/instruction 22 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 50 Arithmetic system Fixed point Floating point is programmable. Instruction type One address Number range 0 ±(221 - 1) Instruction word format +--------+------+---------+---------+ Bit Position | 22 | 21 | 20 - 14 | 13 - 1 | +--------+------+---------+---------+ Function | Parity | Sign | Command | Address | +--------+------+---------+---------+ Automatic built-in subroutines Square root Automatic coding MOSAIC 46 Assembler Registers and B-Boxes 4 registers available to the programmer 7 registers total The machine is basically a single address machine where some instructions are broken down into several single address instructions. The sign bit and the three most significant octal digits of each instruction word represent the command. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl. Stor Access Microsec Add 1,320 670 Mult 10,120 5,060 Div 10,560 5,280 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Vacum-Tubes 0 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential Double precision arithmetic is automically performed. STORAGE No. of No. of Access Medium Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 16,384 22 440 Magnetic Drum 262,144 22 8,600 (average) Minimum core storage is 4,096 words. Minimum drum storage is 16,384 words. Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 32 Units No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Track/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 or 150 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000 to 83,000 Chars/sec Start time 3.3 Millisec Stop time 1.8 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 45 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,500 Feet Composition Mylar The magnetic tape units employ IBM format and operate in a direct access mode. The tape units rewind with or without erase, sense the end of tape, read or write a record, advance or retreat n records, and advance to end of tape. INPUT Medium Speed Keyboard Manual Paper Tape 120 or 300 chars/sec Punched Cards 150 cards/min Analog Signals 2,000 signals/sec Digital Signals Punched card input is optional. OUTPUT Medium Speed Paper Tape 60 or 110 chars/sec Typewriters (up to 8) 15 chars/sec Analog Signals 200 signals/sec optional Digital Signals 200 signals/sec Magnetic Tape 15,000 to 83,400 chars/sec Punched Cards 100 cards/min Line Printer 5 lines/sec Punched card output is optional. A 100 line/sec printer is optional and a 60,000 signal/sec analog signal rate is optional.
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 046, starting page 0089 |
All input and output operations are controlled and sequenced by circuitry independent of the arithmetic portion of the computer. The input/output circuits have direct access to memory allowing scanning and outputting to proceed simultaneously with calculations. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Tubes 0 Diodes 10,000 Transistors 5,000 Magnetic Cores 90,112 - 360,448 The cores are used in memory only. Their quantity depends on size of memory. CHECKING FEATURES Parity checking is performed on memory and Input Output transfer. Diagnostic routines are available. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 1 Kw Volume, computer 63 cu ft Area, computer 9 sq ft Floor loading 90 lbs/sq ft Weight, computer 8,000 lbs No special installation requirements are necessary. Air conditioning is not required for ambient temperatures between 40 and 110oF and humidity between 0 and 95%. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 11 Number in current operation 11 Time required for delivery 12 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Prices available on request. Maintenance and field service is available at $120 per regular 8 hour day plus travel and lodging from the nearest regional office. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS One operator per 8-hour shift. Standard programming, operating, and maintenance courses are available either in manufacturers plant or at job site. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE Manufacturer guarantees on-line availability at without scheduled down time. Component derating of 500 of manufacturers' values for most components provides increased meantime between failure and operating margins. Each component is subjected to rigid quality control. Circuits are tested within the overall system by performance of d~namic temperature'tests from minus 40oC to plus 70 C while all voltages are varied t 5/0. All components are specified by a reliability and quality control engineering group which examines each system and component in detail and establishes criteria on all factors which contribute to the reliability of the equipment. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include 7-level priority interrupt and direct access to memory without interruptions of program. INSTALLATIONS Louisiana Power & Light Co. (2 machines) La Place, La. Gulf States Utilities Co., Beaumont, Texas Carolina Power & Light Co., Goldsboro, N.C. Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Kansas Gas & Electric Co., Wichita, Kansas Union Carbide Olefins Co., Charleston, W. Va. Clark Oil and Refining Co., Blue Island, Illinois Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N.J. Continental Oil Co., Cody, Wyoming REMARKS Model Number Item 636-C Magnetic Core Volume (4,096 words) 641 Magnetic Drum (16,384 to 262,144 words) 636-S Stall Alarm Feature 645 Digital Display Unit 640 Tape Punch 644 Line Printer 637 Typewriter 637-RP Typewriter with Reader & Punch 646 Operator's Panel 647 Basic TC Reference Junction Box Additional Analog Inputs Additional Analog Outputs Additional Digital Inputs Additional Digital Outputs 636-T Hand Tools 636-SP Spare Parts
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 136, starting page 0090 |
DAYSTROM 136 MANUFACTURER Daystrom, Incorporated, Control Systems Division APPLICATIONS The Daystrom 136 is a stored program digital computer designed specifically for use as the central processor in real-time monitoring and control systems In such applications, the 136 operates as two interconnected, yet independent devices: The Input/Output Section automatically controls and sequences information flow to and from various field and peripheral devices; the Arithmetic and Control Section executes the program to perform all arithmetic and data handling functions. Both devices have independent access to memory and function simultaneously providing the adaptability and efficient use of computing time necessary for real-time applications, which include on-line process monitoring and control, off-line and on-line data reduction, off-line and online scientific calculation, on-line automatic checkout, and on-line high-speed data acquisition, in such areas of on-line monitoring and control as found in chemical processing plants, gas dispatching centrals, nuclear test facilities, oil production fields, power plants, refineries, steel mills, television switching centrals, telemetry central, automatic checkout, range safety systems, communication switching, data acquisition, and off-line uses as data reduction, scientific problem solving, and logistics and command problems. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 24 plus sign and parity Binary digits/instruction 24 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 122 Arithmetic system Fixed point Floating point is programmable. Instruction type One address Number range 0 +- 224 - 1 +------+---------+-----------+------------------------+ | 25 | 24 16 | 15 14 | 13 1 | +------+---------+-----------+------------------------+ | Sign | Command | Address | Modified or Unmodified | | | | Mod. Code | Operand Address | +------+---------+-----------+------------------------+ Automatic built-in subroutines Square Root Automatic coding MOSAIC - 136 Symbolic Assembler Guarded Trace Registers and B-Boxes Of the many registers used to perform operational functions, 4 are available to the programmer. 64 special index registers and indirect addressing are available with all commands. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl. Stor. Access Microsec Add 37.2 Mult. 111.7 Div 968.2 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Vacum-Tubes 0 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential The parallel multiply capability is optional. If the option is not exercised, then the multiply time is 968.2 microseconds. STORAGE No. of No. of Access Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 16,384 26 4 Magnetic Drum 262,144 26 8,600 Minimum magnetic core storage is 4,096 words. Minimum magnetic drum storage is 16,384 words. Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 32 Units No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Track/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 or 150 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000 to 83,400 Chars/sec Start time 3.3 Millisec Stop time 1.8 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 45 Seconds Physical properties of tape 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,500 Feet Composition Mylar The magnetic tape units employ IBM format and operate in a direct access mode. The tape units rewind with or without erase, sense end of tape, read or write a record, advance or retreat n records, and advance to end of tape. INPUT Medium Speed Keyboard Manual Paper Tape 120 or 300 chars/sec Punched Cards 150 cards/min Analog Signals 2,000 signals/sec Digital Signals OUTPUT Medium Speed Paper Tape 60 or 110 chars/sec Typewriters (up to 8) 15 chars/sec Analog Signals 200 signals/sec Digital Signals 200 signals/sec Magnetic Tape 15,000 to 83,400 chars/sec Punched Cards 100 cards/min Line Printer 5 lines/sec Up to 60,000 analog signals per second, the punched card input and output, and a 100 line/second printer, are optional. All input and output operations are controlled and sequenced by circuitry independent of the arithmetic portion of the computer. The input output circuits have direct access to memory allowing scanning and outputting to proceed simultaneously with calculations.
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 136, starting page 0091 |
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Tubes 0 Diodes 15,000 Transistors 5,000 Magnetic Cores 90,112 to 360,448 The diode count includes tunnel and back diodes. The quantity of magnetic cores depends on the size of storage used. Each component is subjected to rigid quality control. Circuits are designed with a component derating of 50% and tested within the overall system by performance of dynamic temperature tests from minus 40oC to plus 70oo and 110oF, relative humidity between 0 and 95%. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 2 Number in current operation 2 Time required for delivery 12 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Computer with 4,096 word core memory, typewriter, punch, and reader cost $148,000.00. Maintenance and field service is available at 120.00 per regular 8-hour day plus travel and lodging from the nearest regional office. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS One operator is required for each 8-hour shift. Standard programming, operating, and maintenance courses are available either in manufacturers plant or at job site. RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE Guaranteed on-line availability is 99% without scheduled down time. Component derating (50% of manufacturers values for most components) provides increased meantime between failure and operating margins. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include direct access to memory without interruption of program and flexible command structure. INSTALLATIONS A steel corporation in Detroit, Michigan and the Carolina Power and Light Co., Goldsboro, N.C. ADDITIONAL FEATURES Model Number Item 636-C Magnetic Core Volume (4,096 words) 641 Magnetic Drum (16,384 to 262,144 words) 636-5 Stall Alarm Feature 645 Digital Display Unit 640 Tape Punch 644 Line Printer 637 Typewriter 637-RP Typewriter with Reader & Punch 646 Operator's Panel 647 Basic TC Reference Junction Box Additional Analog Inputs Additional Analog Outputs Additional Digital Inputs Additional Digital Outputs 636-T Hand Tools 636-SP Spare Parts
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 636, starting page 0092 |
DAYSTROM 636 MANUFACTURER Daystrom, Incorporated, Control Systems Division Photo by Daystrom, Inc. APPLICATIONS The Daystrom 636 Computing System is used for online monitoring and control of industrial processes such as chemical processing plants, gas dispatching centrals, nuclear tent facilities, oil production fields, power plants, refineries, steel mills, television switching centrals, telemetry central, automatic checkout, range safety systems, communication switching, and data acquisition. In addition some off-line uses are data reduction, scientific problem solving and logistics and command problems. The Daystrom 636 is a fast, highly reliable, general purpose digital computer designed for either on-line or off-line applications. Exceptional input/output capabilities combined with a large instruction repertoire allow marraige to virtually any process. Some applications are on-line process monitoring and control, off-line and on-line data reduction, off-line and on-line scientific calculation, on-line automatic checkout, and on-line high-speed data acquisition. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 15 Binary digits/instruction 15 Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 131 Arithmetic system Fixed point Floating point is programmable. Instruction type One address Number range 0 to 215-1, to 0 to 230-1
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 636, starting page 0093 |
Instruction word format +----------+----------------+-----------+ | 6 | 3 | 6 | +----------+----------------+-----------+ | Function | Addressing/ | Execution | | | Indexing Field | Field | +----------+----------------+-----------+ +----------+----------------+-----------+ | 6 | 3 | 6 | +----------+----------------+-----------+ | Function | Addressing | Execution | | Field | Field | Field | +----------+----------------+-----------+ Automatic built-in subroutines Square root Gray Code to straight binary conversion. Automatic coding MOSAIC-636 (Macro Operation Symbolic Assembler and Information Compiler) UNICOMP (Universal Compiler, FORTRAN compatible) DAPAL (Daystrom Power Plant Automation Language) Registers and B-Boxes 10 programmable registers including 2 index registers, 2 arithmetic registers, 1 base address register, 1 find address register, 1 boolean logic register, 1 input/output register, 1 priority level (input/output) register, 1 next instruction register. The 131 instructions include square root, gray-to-binary conversion, 45 separate branch commands, Boolean algebra operations, 7 compare commands, incrementing commands, partial operand command, and normalize commands. ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl. Stor. Access Microsec Add 17 Mult 17 Div 272 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Vacuum-Tubes 0 Transistors 1,777 Condenser-Diodes 3,291 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential Certain instructions and all memory transfers are made in parallel. Input/output functions progress without loss of computation time. STORAGE No. of No. of Binary Access Words Digits/word Microsec Magnetic Core 32,768 15 4 Magnetic Drum 262,144 15 8,600 (average) Minimum core storage is 4,096 words. Minimum drum storage is 16,384 words. Magnetic tape No. of units that can be connected 32 Units No. of chars/linear inch 556 Chars/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Track/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 75 or 150 Inches/sec Transfer rate 15,000 to 83,400 Chars/inch Start time 3.3 Millisec Stop time 1.8 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 45 Seconds Physical properties of tape Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,500 Feet Composition Mylar The 636 magnetic tape option is fully compatible with the standard IBM format. Core/tape transfers utilize the direct-access-to-memory feature of the 636; following the proper set-up commands, transfer proceeds simultaneous to and independent of the normal computer programs. Tape features provided include record read and write, rewind with or without erase, advance to end of tape, and advance or retreat n records. INPUT Medium Speed Keyboard Manual Paper Tape 120 or 300 cards/sec Punched Cards 150 cards/min Analog Signals 2,000 signals/sec Digital Signals 880,000 signals/sec OUTPUT Medium Speed Paper Tape 60 or 110 chars/sec Typewriters (8) 15 chars/sec Magnetic Tape 15,000 to 83, 400 chars/sec Analog Signals 200 steps/sec Digital Signals 200 points/sec Punched Cards 100 cards/min Printer 5 lines/sec Analog signal output rate of 60,000 steps/second is optional. The printer speed of 100 lines/second is also optional. The computer has direct memory access for input/output with no computation slow down. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Type Quantity Tubes 0 Diodes 6,200 Transistors 3,700 Magnetic Cores 65,536 to 524,288 Each component is subjected to rigid quality control. Circuits are designed with a component Derating of 50% and tested within the overall system by performance of dynamic temperature tests from minus 40oC to plus 70oC while all voltages are varied +-5%. All components are specified by a reliability and quality control engineering group which examines each system and component in detail and establishes criteria on all factors which contribute to the reliability of the equipment. CHECKING FEATURES Fixed checking features include parity on memory and transfers, computer stall alarm, overflow, diagnostic program routines, and the memory is preserved on power failure. The stall alarm may be actuated by memory parity, power failure, or incorrect or stalled program loops. This alarm provides signals for setting or resetting relays, alarming, and disarming selected output devices. Optional checking features include guarded address, clock or word failure for drum memory, and battery back-up for continuous operation of up to 30 minutes. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 3 KVA Volume, computer 200 cu ft Area, computer 27 sq ft Room size 7 x 12 ft Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft Weight, computer 2,000 lbs
BRL 1964, DAYSTROM 636, starting page 0094 |
Site preparation requirements Other than conduit and cabling provisions required for input/output signals, no special room design is required. Air conditioning is not required for ambient temperatures of 40 to 110o F., relative humidity of 0 to 95%. PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date 5 Number in current operation 1 Number in current production 4 Number on order 4 Anticipated production rates 12/year Time required for delivery 6 months COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Computer with 4,096 words core memory, 1 typewriter, 1 punch, and 1 reader cost $95,000.00. Maintenance and field service is available at $120.00 per regular 8-hour day plus travel and lodging from the nearest regional office. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS One operator is required for each 8-hour shift. Programming, operating, and maintenance training courses are available either at manufacturer's plant or at customers site. No routine maintenance or scheduled down time is required other than occasional cleaning, oiling, etc., of electro-mechanical peripheral devices. Guaranteed on-line availability is 99% without scheduled down time. Unique "Ground-plane" construction and the use of a pure sine-wave clock insures low noise radiation and susceptibility. Component derating (50% of manufacturers values for most components) provides increased meantime between failure and operating margins. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include a sine wave clock (low radiation, less susceptible to noise), a direct and indirect address modification and single or double indexing without loss of computing time, and direct input/output capabilities without program intervention. Unique system advantages include an easily expandable memory, an easily expandable input/output, and a stall alarm feature. FUTURE PLANS A parallel multiply capability is planned. INSTALLATIONS National Broadcasting Co., Burbank, California Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, N. Y. Louisiana Power and Light Co., La Place, La. Atomic Energy of Canada, Toronto, Ontario Model Number Item 636-C Magnetic Core Volume (4,096 words) 641 Magnetic Drum (16, 384 to 262,144 words) 636-5 Stall Alarm Feature 645 Digital Display Unit 640 Tape Punch 644 Line Printer 637 Typewriter 637-RP Typewriter with Reader & Punch 646 Operator's Panel 647 Basic TC Reference Junction Box Additional Analog Inputs Additional Analog Outputs Additional Digital Inputs Additional Digital Outputs 636-T Hand Tools 636-SP Spare Parts
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