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Current Air Defense Artillery Weapon Systems
With the advent of aircraft, armies of the world began searching for weapon
systems to counter this threat. World War II brought a new era to aircraft
performance and tactics. To counter these threats, air defense artillery weapons
were developed with increased range and rate of fire. Many weapon systems began
to use advanced types of computing sights and radar. Even with these improvements,
the aircraft still had an inherent advantage in that after the projectile left the
gun it was unguided (followed a ballistic trajectory), resulting in a very low kill
probability.
In the fall of 1944, the first US air defense artillery missile was conceived
at Fort Bliss, Texas. Development of a radically new weapon system, based on the
guided surface-to-air missile as a means of destroying enemy aircraft, was begun
in 1945. The project was named after Nike, the Creek goddess of victory.
The first Nike Ajax battery became operational in December 1953. Because of
additional requirements, the Nike Hercules and the low-altitude Hawk systems
were developed and produced.
Nike Hercules, successor to the first-generation Nike Ajax air defense
artillery weapon system, has dramatically demonstrated the dynamic growth
potential of the Nilre family of missile systems. By now most of the Nike
Hercules systems in the field have been updated by modifications to form
the Improved Hike Hercules system. This system increases many of the
capabilities of the basic Nike Heroules system while incorporating the
most advanced and sophisticated electronic counter-cormfermeasures
(ECCM) equipment available.
CAPABILITIES
Nike Hercules, with its ability to engage high-performance aircraft
at both high and low altitudes, its long ranges, and its nuclear capability,
can engage and destroy an entire formation of hostile aircraft. Reliable,
extremely accurate, and possessing a large kill radius, the system has
demonstrated its effectiveness against airborne targets traveling at
speeds in excess of 2,100 miles per hour (mach 3), at ranges greater
than 75 miles, and at altitudes up to 150, 000 feet. In addition, the
system can effectively engage surface targets at ranges greater than
its surface-to-air range capability.
Normally, this flexible system will function as part of an integrated
air defense complex; however, each firing battery is capable of functioning
as an autonomous fire unit when required. The Nike Hercules system is emplaced
in two areas normally separated by a distance of approximately 1 to 3 miles.
The fire control equipment is located in the battery control area (fig 46),
while equipment and facilities needed to assemble, store, check out, and
launch a Nike Hercules missile are located in the launching area (fig 47).
(figure 44 - - is not included in this conversion)
(figure 44 - - is not included in this conversion)
SCHEME OF OPERATION-- SURFACE- TO- AIR
The same basic concept of operation and command guidance is used for
Nike Ajar, Nike Hercules, and Improved Nike Hercules. To understand how
Nike Hercules works, only the major items of equipment need be considered:
an electronic computer, three radars, a missile, and a launcher (fig 48).
Figure 48. Scheme of operations, Nike Hercules system.
The acquisition radar detects a target which, when identified as hostile,
is designated to a target tracking radar. The target tracking radar acquires
and tracks the target; measures range, azimuth, and elevation to the target;
and continuously sends these data to the computer. A third radar, the missile
tracking radar, locks on the missile on a launcher; measures range, azimuth,
and elevation of the missile in flight; and continuously sends this
information to the computer. The computer, knowing the location of both
target and missile, continuously computes a kill point, directs the missile
to the killpoint, and causes the burst command to be sent to the missile at
the appropriate time.
FIRE CONTROL PLATOON--BASIC NIKE HERCULES
The major equipment items of the fire control platoon are the director
station, tracking station, target tracking radar, missile tracking radar,
and acquisition radar. The director station houses the computer, battery
control console, and communications switchboard. The
computer, using target and missile present position information, computes
a predicted kill point. With this information, it formulates the commands
which the missile tracking radar must send to the missile to guide it to the
kill point. The battery control console is the control center of the Nlke
Hercules system. The acquisition radar operator, stationed at this console,
operates the acquisition radar, a long-range search radar capable of detecting
targets approaching the defended area. From information provided by the
acquisition radar and from other information supplied to the battery control
console, the battery control officer analyzes the tactical situation and
directs operations of the battery during an engagement. The switchboard
provides the battery control officer with communications to the necessary
elements of the battery.
The trading station houses electronic equipment and operational controls
of the missile tracking and target tracking radars. Separate control consoles
are provided for each radar. At the target radar control console, three
operators, using the controls and indicators, track the target designated
by the battery control officer. The target tracking radar automatically
sends the required target position information to the computer. The missile
radar control console is manned by a single operator. The acquiring and
tracking of a missile are entirely automatic-the operator need only monitor
the missile tracking radar operation during an engagement. When the missile
is being tracked, the missile tracking radar provides the computer with the
missile present position information needed to determine the predicted kill
point. The missile tracking radar continues to supply the computer with
missile present position information and transmits the commands from the
computer necessary to guide the missile to the kill point and cause
warhead detonation.
LAUNCHING PLATOON
The launching platoon area contains facilities for assembly, storage,
checkout, and launching of missiles. The launching platoon equipment is
composed primarily of the launching control station, launching section
equipment, and associated power generating equipment.
The launching control station contains the launching control console
and a communications switchboard. Under the direction of the launching
control officer, a panel operator selects the launching section from
which the missiles are to be fired. Each launching section contains
a section control group (formerly known as launching section selector)
which distributes power to the launchers within the section and exercises
control of them.
ASSEMBLY AND SERVICE AREAS
The major components of the missile are received at the assembly area
in shipping containers. Here the main body of the missile is assembled and
the guidance unit tested. The explosive components of the missile are
received and tested at the service area. The warhead is also mated to
the missile body in the service area.
NIKE HERCULES MISSILE
The Nike Hercules missile (fig 49) is a solid-propellant missile.
It includes the missile body and rocket-motor cluster. When the missile
is launched, it is accelerated to supersonic velocity by the rocket-motor
cluster (booster). After the first few seconds of flight, the booster
separates from the missile body and the missile rocket motor ignites.
Guidance
commands in the form of steering orders are sent from the missile tracking
radar to steer the missile body to the predicted kill point. At the optimum
time, warhead detonation occurs.
Figure 49. Nike Hercules missile.
Figure 49. Nike Hercules missile.
IMPROVED NIKE HERCULES
The Nike Hercules system, operational on sites in the United States and
certain foreign countries since June 1958, is rapidly being modified to become
the Improved Nike Hercules system. Modifications that will be complete in the
near future follow the concept that air defense artillery systems must advance
with the increased threat to our defended areas. Improved Nike Hercules, using
the basic system as its foundation, has one additional radar and advanced
electronic devices to improve the system capability to counter the changing
threat. No improvements were required in the launching area. Thus, the useful
life of Nike Hercules has been extended, giving it the ability to neutralize
advanced weapon systems equipped with the latest electronic devices.
(figure 50 - - is not included in this conversion)
Improved Nike Hercules retains all of the capabilities of the earlier
basic Nike Hercules system; it retains the long-range, surface-to-surface
capability and the high- and low-altitude, surface-to-air coverage. Added
to the system is an increased tracking capability, attained by modification
of the fire control platoon equipment and addition of the target ranging radar.
Outwardly, the only discernible change in the fire control platoon
equipment is the addition of the target ranging radar (fig 50) whose external
appearance is almost identical to that of the other Nike Hercules tracking
radars. This additional radar improves the presentation of target present
position data in an electronic countermeasures environment.
MOBILITY
Emphasis on air defense deployed in depth in support of the army in the
field prompted the Army to undertake a series of studies to determine if Nike
Hercules, with a minimum of cost and new equipment, could be more effectively
employed as a mobile air defense artillery system. As a result of these studies,
tests were begun to explore this new potential. By modifying existing equipment
and developing new equipment, a mobile Nike Hercules system was attained.
The standard launcher was converted to a mobile launcher (fig 51) by three
modification kits: a transport kit consisting of an axle and kingpin suspension;
a field adaption kit consisting of jacks, outriggers, and footplates; and a
blast deflector kit consisting of a blast shield, emplacement linkage, and
tiedown linkage. The transport and field adaption kits permit the converted
mobile launcher to be towed by a prime mover and to be emplaced easily
without need for a concrete pad, while the blast deflector kit helps
stabilize the launcher by proper distribution of the thrust load.
(figure 51 - - is not included in this conversion)
The ready-round transporter (fig 52) was developed to carry an assembled
Nike Hercules round, eliminating the necessity of missile body and rocket
motor cluster (booster) joining on the launcher. The mobile launcher receives
the round directly from the ready-round transporter, thus saving time and effort.
(figure 52 - - is not included in this conversion)
In addition, other equipment was modified to enhance mobility. These items
include the section operating equipment trailer (fig 53) housing the section
control group; the test station truck (fig 54) containing the equipment for
servicing, testing, and performing organizational maintenance on the missiles;
and a dolly-mounted launching control-indicator (fig 55).
(figure 53 - - is not included in this conversion)
(figure 54 - - is not included in this conversion)
Special tools and equipment are provided with the fire control platoon
equipment to reduce the time required to emplace and march order the equipment.
Cable reel racks (fig 56) are used to rapidly pick up and lay interarea cables.
A vehicle-mounted A-frame is provided for emplacing the acquisition antenna
receiver-transmitter group. A hoisting beam is provided for removing the cable
reel racks from the prime movers. Thus, the capabilities of cross-country
mobility and rapid emplacement and march order with minimum manpower were achieved
without sacrifice of reliability or performance.
(figure 55 - - is not included in this conversion)
(figure 56 - - is not included in this conversion)
HIGH-POWER ACQUISITION RADAR
With the advent of the Improved Nike Hercules system with its increased
capability, it was desirable to extend the target detection range at selected
sites. This was done by adding the high-power acquisition radar (HIPAR) (fig 57).
The HIPAR does not nullify the usefulness of the basic acquisition radar; rather,
it supplements the search ability of this system and greatly enhances the
performance of the battery. A mobile version of this radar is underdevelopment.
(figure 57 - - is not included in this conversion)
(figure 58 - - is not included in this conversion)
ALTERNATE BATTERY ACQUISITION RADAR
The growth potential of the Nike system was again demonstrated when it
was decided to supplement the search, acquisition, and ECCM capabilities of
Nike Hercules sites not designated to receive HIPAR. The radar selected
for installation at these units was designated the alternate battery
acquisition radar (ABAR). The ABAR resulted from modification of the
AN/FPS- 36 and AN/FPS-61 defense acquisition radars discussed in chapter 2.
The simplexed ABAR AN/FPS-75 was produced by providing integration kits
so that the output of the AN/FPS-36 could be viewed on the consoles of the
Nike Hercules system. The addition of ECCM capabilities converted the AN/FPS- 75
to the AN/PPS- 71 (fig 58).
The diplexed ABAR is known as the AN/FPS-69. It is derived from the
AN/FPS-61 defense acquisition radar and for tactical usage was designed
to be deployed on a collocated site where it serves both as an ABAR and DAR.
In 1965, the operation of both the AN/FPS-71 and the AN/FPS-69 radars
was further enhanced by increased power output, greater receiver sensitivity,
and more efficient moving target indicator circuits, and the nomenclature was
changed to Improved AN/FPS-71 or Improved AN/FPS-69.
The AN/FPA-16 and AN/FPA-15 ECCM consoles are video presentation monitor
systems employed with the AN/FPS- 71 and AN/FPS-69, respectively. Under control
of two operators and an electronic warfare officer, these consoles provide a
central control point for operation of the ABAR and a comparison point where
the output of the ABAR and low-power acquisition radar (UIPAR) can be monitored.
Using the displays available at the consoles, the operators may quickly determine
which ECCM features of the two acquisition radars will provide the battery control
officer with The best video presentation in complex ECM environments.
ANTITACTICAL BALLISTIC MISSILE (ATBM) CAPABILITY
On 3 June 1960, the improved Nike Hercules system destroyed a
Corporal surface-to-surface missile (fig 59), the first known kill
of a ballistic missile by another missile. On 12 August 1960,
Improved Nike Hercules destroyed another Nike Hercules missile that had
(figure 56 - - is not included in this conversion)
(figure 56 - - is not included in this conversion)
been launched as a target (fig 60). The Nike Hercules missile presented a far
more difficult target than the Corporal missile, having a higher velocity and
smaller size. Further tests have been conducted to determine the extent of
ATBM capability,
To improve on this antimissile capability, certain Improved Nike Hercules
systems have received additional modifications, increasing their ability to
engage some types of hostile tactical missiles before they can penetrate
defended areas.
NIKE HERCULES IN THE SURFACE-TO-SURFACE ROLE
The use of air defense artillery in a secondary role against surface targets
has historical precedent in both World War II and Korea. When surface-to-air
missiles replaced antiaircraft guns, it appeared that this traditional role
would no longer exist. It is common knowledge that Nlke Hercules has a deadly
capability against high-performance aerial targets. Not so well known, however,
is that the pinpoint accuracy of Nike Hercules against distant surface targets
permits it to engage effectively enemy ground concentrations. This dual capability
is retained in the Improved Nike Hercules system.
Since the inception of the Nike Hercules program, the tactical advantage of
developing Nike Hercules into a highly mobile weapon to support the army in the
field has been recognized. In 1959, the potential of Nike Hercules as a mobile
air defense artillery weapon became evident and interest in the surface-to-surface
capability increased.
In 1960, the US Army Air Defense School began presenting formal instruction
on Nike Hercules surface-to-surface employment and computation of firing data.
1961, troop firings provided additional testing of Nike Hercules as a surface
weapon. The US Army Air Defense School, US Army Artillery and Missile School,
US Army Air Defense Board, and the prime contractor have studied numerous concepts
and made subsequent recommendations regarding organization and mobility to
improve the Nike Hercules system capability in the surface-to-surface role.
Nike Hercules, with its quick reaction time, can be used to attack targets
of opportunity in support of field army. operations.
SCHEME OF OPERATION-SURFACE-TO- SURFACE
Firing data are computed by an air defense artillery group operations section
(or battalion operations section in a separate battalion defense). The data
required by the firing battery are target range, azimuth, and elevation;
fuze setting for proper height of burst; and computer dial settings. Figure 61
shows the scheme of operation for a Nike Hercules surface-to- surface mission.
Target range, azimuth, and elevation are set into the target tracking radar,
and dial settings are made on the computer. The missile is fired, tracked by
the missile tracking radar, and steered toward an aiming point above the target.
As far as the system is concerned, the missile is heading toward a stationary
target in space. At the proper instant the missile is given a dive command to
position it in the proper attitude to hit the target. After the dive command
is executed, the missile tracking radar ceases tracking and the missile
continues to the target on a ballistic trajectory.
Figure 51. Nike Hercules surface-to-surface scheme of operation.
Figure 61. Nike Hercules surface-to-surface scheme of operation.
Entering the computed firing data into the Nike Hercules system
is relatively easy. Tests conducted at Fort Bliss show that the time
required for making the required settings does not exceed 5 minutes.
During the time a battery is engaged in a surface-to-surface mission,
it is still capable of searching with its acquisition radar to locate
any approaching airborne object. After successfully completing the
surface-to-surface mission, the battery can return to its air defense
mission in a matter of seconds.
AUTHORITY
I Under current concepts, Nike Hercules units are assigned
to the field army in an active theater of operations. The use of Nike
Hercules in a surface-to-surface mission in the field army will depend
on the authority delegated to the field army commander by the regional
air defense commander. Normally, the regional air defense commander will
delegate authority for operational employment of organic Army air defense
artillery units. The field army commander then may utilize Nike Hercules
in a surface-to-surface mission. If operational employment of air defense
artillery units has not been delegated to the field army commander, the
regional air defense commander must approve the mission. When Nike Hercules
is to be employed in a surface-to-surface role, coordination must be effected
at the tactical operations center between the fire support element, air defense
element, units selected for the
mission, and the Army air defense commander. The fire mission will then be
relayed from the air defense element to the AADCP. The Army air defense
commander will designate an air defense artillery group (battalion) to
perform the mission.
EMPLOYMENT
Normally, Nike Hercules units are utilized only with the field army in
a theater of operations. Fire units overseas may be deployed in the area
defense to provide proper coverage throughout the area being defended, but
weighted toward priority areas and exposed boundaries .
Early target kill is desired and achieved by placing Nike Hercules well
forward in the field army area; however, units normally should not be positioned
any closer than 30 kilometers from the forward edge of the battle area.
Within CONUS, Nike Hercules is deployed about the vital area to provide a
balanced defense, one which can deliver an approximately equal amount of
firepower along all directions of attack. It is used by Army air defense
to give NORAD an inner ring of defenses around target areas which encompass
more than 100 cities and military bases.
Although the AN/MPQ-36, the basic engagement simulator for the Nike Hercules
system, was an important aid in training, simulated targets and ECM could be
readily distinguished from true presentations. A contract to improve greatly
the AN/MPQ-36 during 1963-65 was awarded in December 1961. Designated the
guided missile system radar-signal simulator station, AN/MPQ-TI (fig 62),
the first deliveries occurred in July 1964. The first maintenance class
started training in October 1964.
The AN/MPQ-T1 is a compact, transistorized engagement simulator designed
for the Nike Hercules and Improved Nike Hercules systems and associated radars
(HIPAR and ABAR). The improved simulator introduces realistic target simulation,
sophisticated ECM, and chaff. Masking effects and radar clutter, variable with
antenna elevation, as well as identification responses from friendly aircraft,
can be simulated.
Up to six independent simulated targets, generated by controlled electronic
signals, can be displayed on the radar scopes. Each target can travel at speeds
up to 2, OM) knots and at altitudes up to 150,000 feet, dive at a rate of
80,000 feet per minute and climb at half that rate, and turn at rates up to
200 per second. Size of targets can be varied to produce calibrated returns
of any desired dimension from 0.1 to 100 square meters. The device can simulate
a Nike Hercules missile, initiate the burst command by either the computer or
simulator, program missile malfunctions, and fire additional missiles after
a burst order.
The addition of ECM and chaff cabinets provides one of the most important
capabilities of the simulator--the ability to simulate several types of
countermeasures which an enemy may be expected to use. Effects of mechanical
jamming and five types of electronic jamming can be produced and displayed
on the radar scope screens of the Nike Hercules system. Chaff, for instance,
can be simulated as being dispensed forward, laterally, or to the rear of
the simulated target or targets.
Figure 62. Nike Hercules system engagement simulator AN/MPQ-T1.
Figure 62. Nike Hercules system engagement simulator AN/MPQ-TI.
Training under simulated tactical conditions is provided by the AN/MPQ-TI,
enabling Nike Hercules fire control operators to develop the speed and accuracy
necessary to engage successfully actual combat targets. This simulator provides
an improved, much-needed aid in training operators by use of organic scoring
panels and error recorders. These timers and sensing devices provide a permanent
record of operator performance.
All components of the AN/MPQ-T1 are housed in a semitrailer that has a dolly
and towbar at the front. Equipped with a prime mover, the simulator is mobile over
primary or secondary roads.
Six AN/MPQ-T1 simulators are presently available at McGregor Range for use by
units attending short notice annual practice (SNAP). In addition, two AN/MPQ-36
simulators are still in use. During FY 65, practically 100 percent of all targets
used during SNAP were generated by simulators, resulting in a savings of
approximately $5.7 million. As presently scheduled, the two AN/MPQ-36 simulators
still in use at McGregor Range will be replaced by the newer AN/MPQ-T1 by June 1966,
giving a total of eight AN/MPQ-T1 available for use by SNAP units at Fort Bliss.
The application of guided missiles for air defense provided a solution against
high-speed, high-altitude targets. There was, however, the possibility of sneak
attack by low-flying aircraft. Realization of this threat indicated the need for
a new guided missile system to combat effectively an attack of this sort. The
Hawk missile system was designed to counter the low-altitude threat. The system
is reliable, mobile, and accurate and has the capability to engage two targets
simultaneously. Several missiles can be in flight at the same time. Each missile
battery has the personnel, equipment, and facilities required for operation or
movement of the complete unit.
Semiactive homing guidance (fig 63) is used in the Hawk system for missile
control during flight. Ground-based, continuous-wave radars acquire and track
the target. The missile receives radiofrequency (RF) energy reflected from the
target and uses this energy in the development of steering commands to direct
the missile to the target.
Figure 63. Semiactive homing guidance operation.
Figure 63. Semiactive homing guidance operation.
SCHEME OF OPERATION
Like all air defense artillery missile systems, Hawk must accomplish four
basic tasks: defection, identification, tracking, and target kill (fig 64).
Hawk can peform these functions (fig 65) at extremely low altitudes while
retaining a high degree of mobility.
Figure 64. Hawk targer kill.
To detect targets, the Hawk system uses two acquisition radars. One of
these, the continuous-wave acquisition radar (CWAR), covers the low-altitude
zone, the primary zone of consideration for Hawk. This radar utilizes the
doppler effect to detect low-flying targets. The doppler effect is that effect
produced by a change or shift in frequency due to the movement of the object
reflecting that frequency. If the transmitted energy strikes a stationary object,
such as a hill or building, it is returned to the radar with frequency unchanged.
Within the radar, a comparison is made between the transmitted and received
frequencies, and, if there is no change, no video is presented on the associated
radar screen. However, if the transmitted energy strikes a moving object, such as
an aircraft, its frequency will be changed. The amount of change, which is the
doppler effect, is directly proportional to the radial speed of the aircraft
with respect to the radar. When the reflected energy returns to the radar receiver,
a comparison is again made with the transmitted frequency. This time the radar
will detect the frequency change, and video will be presented on the associated
radar screen representing the radial speed of the target. The video will appear
at the azimuth determined by the radar antenna position at the time of detection.
Thus, low-flying targets are readily detected because reflections from stationary
objects on the ground (ground clutter) are not presented on the radar screen.
Figure 65. Hawk system scheme of operations.
The other detection radar, the pulse acquisition radar (PAR), complements
the coverage area of the CWAR by providing a medium-altitude, medium-range
detection capability to the system. It is synchronized with the CWAR in rotation.
This pulse-type radar is very similar to those found in other air defense
artillery missile systems but has some significant improvements over earlier
types. The PAR has a limited capability at very low altitudes because its beam
is directed slightly upward to avoid reflections from stationary ground objects.
Synchronized rotation of the two acquisition radars permits coordinated,
continual searching for targets. Target information from both radars is
automatically relayed to the
battery control central by means of data cabling. Within the battery control
central, all operations of the battery are integrated and controlled during an
engagement. Target idendfication is accomplished in the Hawk missile battery by
use of the Mark X IPF equipment, or through communications control with higher
headquarters.
The third basic function, the trading phase, is initiated upon target
assignment to a firing section. A firing section consists of one illuminator
radar and three missile launchers with missiles. Each launcher can accommodate
up to three Hawk missiles. Upon receiving a target assignment, the illuminator
in the assigned section is slewed to the azimuth of the detected target; then
it searches a small area of the sky for the target. When the illuminator
receives a reflected signal beating a frequency change, it locks on the target
and automadcally tracks it during the remainder of the engagement.
Similar to the operation of the CWAR, the illuminator detects targets and
tracks them on the basis of radial speed. As this radar also uses the doppler
effect, it can track targets although they are flying at treetop level. Once
the illuminator is locked on the target, the firing operator in the battery
control central selects one launcher within his firing section for firing.
The illuminator and the selected launcher are now slaved together, causing
the missiles on the selected launcher to be aimed directly at the targer.
In the battery control central, the firing console operator is observing
all of these actions closely, end the tactical control officer is monitoring
the engagement. When all conditions for firing have been met, the firing
pushbutton is pressed, lead angle and superelevation are automatically inserted
in the launcher, and the Hawk missile is launched.
Launching the missile marks the beginning of the killing phase, the fourth
basic function. The Hawk missile homes on energy reflected by the target.
It continually watches its target through a tracking antenna onboard the missile
while the semiactive homing guidance system continually adjusts the missile's
course to insure successful intercept. Target speed is determined by
continuous comparison of the transmitted energy of the illuminator with the
reflected energy from the target. Target maneuver is determined by the
position of the missile's target tracking antenna. Using this information to
make continuous adjustments in its course, the Hawk missile travels the
most direct route to the kill point.
PULSE ACQUISITION RADAR
The function of the pulse acquisition radar (PAR) (fig 66) is to detect
moving targets and continually furnish target range and azimuth to plan
position indicators (PPI) in the battery control central. The IPF system
is also contained in the PAR. The PAR antenna control system supplies
antenna synchronizing data to the CWAR. he PAR transmitter generates pulses
of RF energy directed against an antenna reflector. As these pulses are being
radiated, the antenna is rotating at 20 revolutions per minute. The antenna,
therefore, scans 6, 400 mils every 3 seconds. When a target enters the radar
radiation field, pulses of RF energy which strike the target are reflected.
This reflected energy is processed and sent as video information to the display
consoles in the battery control central. The PPI displays are synchronized to
represent target position relative to the PAR location. The radar uses moving
target indicator circuitry to suppress stationary target return signals on the
display consoles.
Figure 66. Pulse acquisition radar (PAR).
CONTINUOUS-WAVE ACQUISITION RADAR
Because it uses the continuous-wave principle, the CWAR has two antennas,
the transmitter being in the upper portion of the antenna and the receiver
in the bottom portion. A beam of RF energy transmitted by the CWAR (fig 67)
is continually swept through 6,400 mils
Figure 67. Continuous-wave acquisition radar (CWAR).
by rotation of the antenna. When the beam striltes a moving oblect, a portion
of the energy is reflected to the radar, is resolved into radial speed and azimuth,
and is then displayed as video information in the battery control central. The CWAR
normally rotates synchronously with the PAR; thus, the target data presented on
composite displays can be easily correlated.
BATTERY CONTROL CENTRAL
The battery control central (fig 68) is a centrally located operations shelter
that provides equipment for control of the overall operation of the Hawk battery
during tactical firing operations. This shelter and the design of the Hawk system
permit continuous control of the entire missile battery by an officer designated
as the tactical control officer. Four additional personnel are required for normal
operation of the battery control central, each operator being stationed at one of
the consoles.
(1) Right interior. (2) Left interior.
Figure 68. Battery control central.
The tactical control console provides a cathode-ray tube display for observing
targets detected by the CWAR and PAR. The tactical control console display presents
PPI video from the PAR and plan speed indicator (PSI) video from the CWAR. This
console also provides controls for maintaining overall coordination and command
control of the engagement. Associated with this console are components for the
remote operation of the IFF equipment.
The azimuth-speed indicator console provides a cathode ray tube display for
observing low-altitude targets detected only by the CWAR. The azlmuth-speed
indicator utilizes a rectangular display which shows radial speed and azimuth
of the targets. The console also provides power controls for remotely
activating the CWAR.
Each of the two identical firing consoles contains a cathode-ray tube
display used in tracking targets and evaluating intercepts. The firing
console indicators present target information from the pulse acquisition
radar, CWAR, range-only radar, and associated illuminator. Each firing
console also provides controls for remotely activating ifs associated
illuminator radar and launchers, for alinement of the illuminator radar
on the target to be engaged, for selection of a launcher, and for firing
the missile.
A battery status indicator panel displays alert status, target altitude,
and fire control commands from the AADCP. Fire control commands of the tactical
control officer and status of the firing sections appear as illuminated labels
on the battery status indicator.
HIGH- POWERED ILLUMINATOR RADAR
The function of the remotely controlled high-powered illuminator radar
(HIPIR) (fig 69), which is replacing the low-power illuminator radar(LOPIR),
is to automatically track the target, keep the target illuminated with RF
energy, and provide information to the battery control central, launchers,
and missiles. The missile uses direct RF energy from the HIPIR and reflected
RF energy from the target to compute its own guidance commands. There are two
HIPIR's in the Hawk missile battery. Because this is a continuous-wave radar,
separate antennas are used for transmitting and receiving.
Figure 69. High-powered illuminator radar (HIPIR).
Figure 70. Range-only radar (ROR).
RANGE-ONLY RADAR
During an ECM environment, range data on a target are most affected.
For that reason, the Hawk system has a range-only radar (ROR) that is used
when required as an auxiliary means of providing range information for the
system. The ROR (fig 70) is a pulse-type, quick-response, range-measuring
radar that operates in a separate frequency band from that of the other radars
in the system. It is normally operated remotely from the battery control central.
The ROR can be activated manually by the fire control operator or automatically
by one of the illuminator radars. Once activated, it is slaved to the associated
illuminator in azimuth and elevation and presents a video signal to the battery
control central where formulation of range data is accomplished.
LAUNCHER
During the Hawk firing sequence, the launcher (fig 71) receives tactical
commands from the battery control central and positioning commands from its
associated illuminator. When the illuminator is locked on the target, a selected
launcher slews to me same azimuth and elevation as the illuminator antenna.
As the radar tracks the target, the antenna pbsition
changes constantly. The three-place launcher automatically aims the missiles
in azimuth and elevation to agree with the antenna position information
received from the illuminator. Approximately 3 seconds after a fire command
is transmitted from the battery control central, the missile is launched.
The 3-second delay enables stabilization of the missile tracking antenna
and permits the launcher to select a missile, activate the missile power
supplies, and slew to the lead angle commanded by the illuminator.
If the missile selected by the launcher firing selector does not leave
the launcher, the HANGFIRE lamp in the battry control central will light
and the next ready missile is automatically selected.
Figure 71. Hawk launcher and missiles.
HAWK MISSILE
The Hawk missile (fig 72) is propelled by a two-stage, solid-propellant
motor and uses semiactive homing guidance. It is 16 feet 6 inches long and
14 inches in diameter, weighs 1,295 pounds, and has a dart-cruciform
configuration. It has three basic functional systems: propulsion, guidance,
and warhead. The missile body is divided structurally into two parts.
The front body section consists of the radome, target tracking antenna
with a hydraulic assembly which positions the antenna, hydraulic accumulator,
electronic guidance and control chassis, and electrical power unit.
The rear section consists of the warhead section, rocket-motor section,
eleven actuator section, and four wing assemblies.
Figure 72. Hawk missile.
Initial thrust to boost the missile to operational speed and sustaining
thrust to maintain that speed are provided by the propulsion system.
The guidance system uses energy reflected from the target to compute
continually a collision course. The warhead system explodes the missile
warhead at the optimum point to insure target kill. For safety purposes,
a destruction system is provided to destroy the missile in flight if required.
PALLET
Pallets are used for storing and transporting ready missiles. The pallet,
which may be mounted on a 2-ton, two-wheel trailer (fig 73), consists of three
missile support arms and two index fittings connected to the skid. The missile
support arms are contoured to the shape of the missile, each arm having a forward
and rear missile latch to secure a missile. The index fittings are provided to
position the loader properly for the transfer of missiles to or from the pellet.
A pellet with three missiles can be transported by helicopter when the trailer
is detached.
Figure 73. Hawk pallet mounted on 2-ton trailer.
Figure 74. Loader-transporter transferring missiles to launcher.
LOADER-TRANSPORTER
The lightweight loader-transporter is a full-track, self-propelled vehicle
used to transfer from one to three missiles between the pellet and launcher
(fig 74). When rigged as a crane, a secondary function of the loader-transporter
is to pick up and transfer individual missiles and missile components. During
movement of the battery, the three loader-transporters (organic to the battery)
are carried in the cargo beds of extra-long-wheelbase 2.5-ton trucks.
ASSAULT FIRE COMMAND CONSOLE
The assault fire command console (AFCC) is a miniature battery
control central contained in a compact, lightweight, rectangular case
(fig 75). The console has permanently attached folding legs and can be
emplaced in any convenient location. Six electronic panels mounted on
the AFCC provide the capability for remote control of one firing
section of the battery. The AFCC is utilized as the alternate battery control
central if the battery control central is not available. Also,
this item of equipment enables the battery to move by echelon,
keeping one firing section operational while the other firing section
is moving. The AFCC provides a means of control of one CWAR, one HIPIR,
and three launchers with a total of nine missiles.
Figure 75. Assault fire command console.
MISSILE TEST SHOP
The missile test shop (fig 76) provides facilities for the assembly and test
of Hawk missiles. The rest shop is a mobile, self-contained unit mounted on the
chassis of a i-ton, 2-wheel trailer. The test shop includes the cables and
accessories necessary to operate when it is connected to the missile under test.
It carries the common and special tools and accessory equipment necessary to set
up and maintain the missile test shop. This item of equipment is capable of
missile and missile test shop checkout and maintenance under all-weather or
blackout conditions.
Figure 76. Hawk missile test shop.
IMPROVED HAWK
During developmental testing, Hawk has demonstrated its accuracy
and reliability by successful intercepts against tactical ballistic
missiles as well as against slower speed targets such as helicopters.
As a result of these firings, an Improved Hawk missile system is being
developed. The Improved Hawk program will replace the current CWAR with
a ballistic missile acquisition radar (BMAR) having increased speed-handling
capability, range, and elevation coverage. Another item of equipment to be
added will be the antimissile control central (AMCC), cabled between the
BMAR and the battery control central, which will reduce system reaction
time. Other improvements will provide modifications to existing fire
control equipment. The program will also provide a new generation of
Hawk missiles having increased intercept capabilities.
Figure 77. Ballistic missile acquisition radar.
SELF-PROPELLED HAWK
Currently under development is the self-propelled Hawk system which
will enhance the maneuverability and effectiveness of Hawk in the field army area.
Figure 78 shows the fighting element of a self-propelled platoon. It has three
self-propelled launchers, one CWAR, one HIPIR, and one platoon operations central.
The self-propelled launchers are idententical with the conventional launchers except
that they are mounted on tracked vehicles (fig 79). The radars are the same as
those used in current Hawk units. The platoon operations central contains the
AFCC and IFF together with communications and other equipment normally found in
an operations center.
Figure 78. Fighting element of a self-propelled Hawk platoon.
Figure 79. Self-propelled Hawk.
EMPLOYMENT
The primary employment guideline for Hawk units is to position the fire units well
forward along the low-altitude routes of approach to effect enemy target destruction
prior to release of weapon regardless of the delivery technique employed. Hawk units
providing air defense for vital area defense and priority targets within the field
army likewise would be located well forward along the low-altitude routes of approach
into the area. Units should be placed no closer than 10 kilometers from the forward
edge of the battle area.
Until the recent development of the Hawk system engagement simulator AN/TPQ-21,
the Hawk unit commander had insufficient means at his disposal for adequate realistic
training of on-site radar operators. To train Hawk battery control central operators,
it was necessary to obtain high-performance aircraft equipped with ECM emitters.
In CONUS, the cost and availability of aircraft and the Federal Aviation Agency's
control of flight patterns and use of electromagnetic emanations all contributed
to a reduction of training effectiveness. In oversea forward areas, tactical
aircraft have difficulty in simulating hostile actions and emitting ECM without
providing the enemy with information of an intelligence nature. This situation
has been improved considerably by use of the AN/TPQ-21 (fig 80), now issued to
Hawk units.
When connected to the Hawk system, this simulator provides an artificial
tactical environment for the training of operators. No change in operation of
the battery control central is apparent to the operators when using the AN/TPQ-21
for target engagement. Along with the technique of inserting video, doppler,
and other simulated effects, the ECCM features of the Hawk radars are used and
the operator can be evaluated as to his ability to counter ECM.
The AN/TPQ-21 is inclosed in a Craig shelter similar to the battery control
central and has the same transportability feature (helicopter, cargo aircraft,
or truck). It is capable of simulating six airborne targets, each independently
maneuverable against the Hawk battery. Simulated targets can emit ECM if so
programed. Targets may be designated as hostile or friendly, and the size can
be varied to produce returns of any desired cross section from 1 to 25 square
meters.
The simulator also can produce complete launcher effects, AADCP symbology,
radar ground clutter, IFF, and simulated responses from the five radars of the
Hawk battery.
A quick-disconnect feature permits the simulator to be electrically
switched in or out of the Hawk functional system in a few seconds; thus,
change from a training status to combat readiness can be made immediately.
Figure 80. Interior view of Hawk system engagement simulator AN/TPQ-21.
AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY AUTOMATIC WEAPONS EMPLOYMENT
Since the end of hostilities in Korea, tactical doctrines have been
revised and refined in the light of combat experiences and the improved
capabilities of the materiel available for air defense. Also, the reorganization
of the Army divisions imposed new requirements on air defense artillery units.
This reorganization has increased the problem of providing a workable air defense
for widely dispersed forward elements of the field army. These divisions require
strong and effective air defense if they are to live and fight from day to day.
Air defense artillery, now more than ever, must provide the active air defense of
units in the forward areas to afford defense against air attack.
Much of the air defense of forward areas presumably will be furnished by
missile systems; however, it may be expected that terrain features will result
in air corridors below the radar horizon. This lack of air defense artillery
radar coverage of the division front will provide the enemy with airspace in which
to achieve surprise and in which aggressive air attacks may persist. These air
corridors will be virtually uncontested avenues of approach, not only endangering
forward area units, but air defense artillery and other support units as well.
To fill this missile gap at low altitudes and in the forward areas of the
battlefield, air defense artillery automatic weapon units will form a definite
part of the air defense. Guntype air defense artillery weapons will provide the
division with a defense against attack aircraft and airmobile forces. They also
possess a secondary capability of attacking point surface targets, a capability
well demonstrated during World War II and in Korea.
Aircraft should not be permitted to cross the forward edge of the battle area
unobserved; therefore, the primary employment guideline for automatic weapons is to
position the fire rmits well forward along the low-altitude routes of approach that
are not effectively covered by other air defense artillery systems.
The Army is currently testing other gun systems with improved capabilities to
replace or to complement the self-propelled, twin 40-mm M42 gun. These advanced guns
are rapid firing, multiple-barrel systems that are highly accurate and possess a high
degree of mobility.
TWIN 40-MM GUN M42
The self-propelled, full-tracked, twin 40-mm gun M42, known as Duster, is an
armored air defense artillery weapon. This vehicle (fig 81) was designed for employment
with divisions for air defense, but because of its rapid rate of fire, it has also proved
a valuable support weapon against ground targets. It has a cruising range of 100 miles
at speeds up to 45 miles per hour, a fording depth of 40 inches, and a weight of 24 tons.
Figure 81. Twin 40-mm gun M42.
Major armament is the dual 40-mm automatic gun M2A1 on the mormt M4E1.
the 40-mm gun is a high-velocity, flat-trajectory, clip-fed, automatic-loading
weapon capable of firing 240 rounds per minute. The cyclic functioning of each
gun is automatic from the firing of one round to the next.
The welded armorplate gun mount is an open-topped cylinder in the center
section of the vehicle. This mount, supported on a ball bearing race ring, can
be traversed 360' In either direction by power (9 seconds) or manually (10.30 per
crank revolution). Crew positions for the squad leader, gunner, and two cannoneers
are in the gun mount.
Three sighting devices are incorporated into the fire control system: the computing
sight M38, reflex sight M24C, and speed ring sight. The computing sight M38 is designed
to provide an effective means of controlling fire of the 40-mm gun against either a
vehicular or aerial targer. The reflex sight M24C is designed to superimpose a reticle
pattern in the gunner's line of sight and is used in conjunction with the M38 computing
sight during power operation. The speed ring sight is used during manual operation if a
power failure or local control system malfunction occurs. It has a rear peep element
and a series of concentric circles as a front element.
The communications system of the M42 gun consists of radio set AN/GRC-106, radio
receiving set AN/GRR-5, an intercommunications set, and interphones. This equipment is
shock mounted on support shelves in the driving compartmenr. The AN/ORC-106 is used
for intervehicular and command communication, and the AN/ORR-5 provides air defense
artillery intelligence.
The M13 periscope is used by the driver and commander While operating under combat
conditions during daylight, and the M19 periscope, a binocular-type, enlarged-view
device, is used when the vehicle is being driven under blackout conditions.
Infrared rays are projected forward from the blackout headlights to illuminate
the field of view. The M19 periscope converts the infrared image to a visible
image which is viewed through conventional eyepieces.
MULTIPLE CALIBER .50 MACHINEGUN
The M55 callber .50 multiple machine gun mount (fig 82) is a power-driven,
semiarmored gun mount with a self-contained power rmit. The mount is constructed
to accommodate four caliber .50, heavy barrel, turret-type Browning machineguns
and ammunition chestsi It is equipped with a reflex sight (M18) through which
the gunner may sight while seated in the gunner's seat inside the mount. The
mounts are designed to be traversed through 3600 and elevated through an are
of -100 to+900 from the horizontal. Power is directed by a pair of control
handles placed directly in front of the operator's seat on the mount.
The caliber .50 Browning machineguas used on these mounts are air-cooled,
recoiloperated guns and are fed by metallic link belts. The gua is cocked by
means of a retracting slide. It is fundamentally an automatic weapon fired by
means of a solenoid and will automadcally fire and load as long as pressure is
applied to the triggers and ammunition is fed. All guns are fired simultaneously
when pressure is applied to one or both triggers located in the control handles.
The gun must be manually loaded and cocked for firing the first round. Each gun
is fed from a callber .50 ammunition chest with a capacity of 200 rounds. To
prevent dlslodgment of the chest when the guns are fired at high angles, the
ammunition support springs (at the base of each support) engage the chest and
hold if in place.
The reflex sight (M18) is a reflector sight of speed ring type and is the
standard fire control device (direct sighting) for the M55 mount. The sight
projects reticle image, focused at infinity, upon an inclined glass plate.
As the gunner looks through the inclined plate he sees the target and the
reticle image. The redcle image consists of four concentric circles and three
dots on a veaical line in the center of the field of view. The four concentric
circles correspond to midpoint leads for speeds of 100, 200, 300, and 400 miles
per hour at midpoint range of 1,000 yards, while the three dots are used to
determine line of sight and to compensate for gravity pull on the projectile.
Figure 82. Multiple callber .50 machinegun, M55.
ANTIAIR WARFARE WEAPONS OF THE US NAVY
In fulfilling its antiair mission, the US Navy employs missiles in both
surface-to-air and air-to-air roles. Some of the weapons available to NORAD
for defense of the North American Continent are discussed below.
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES
Sidewinder, which uses infrared passive homing (heat-seeking) guidance,
was developed by the Navy and is designed for use in attacks against jet aircraft.
It is also used by the Air Force and Marines. Against a mach 2 target at 60,000 feet
altitude, the missile has a range of approximately 4 miles. This solid-propellant
missile is the first air-to-air missile to have destroyed aircraft under actual
combat conditions, having been successfully employed by Chinese Nationalists in
the defense of Quemoy in 1958. The Sidewinder (fig 83) is more than 9 feet long,
weighs more than 155 pounds, and delivers a high-explosive warhead. Sidewinders
are carried (fig 84) as armament in the A4D, F4B, F3D, F8, MF1C, FIC, and F11A aircraft.
Figure 83. Sidewinder missile.
Figure 84. Navy Skyray (A4D) all-weather fighter with Sidewinder.
Sparrow III is the latest in this series of missiles. Its electronic
homing guidance system permits attack of high-performance aircraft from
all aspects, includlug head-on. An all-weather missile, its low-altitude
capability, accuracy, and kill probability are excellent. Sparrow III is
about12 feet long and weighs about 400 pounds. This solid-propellant
missile, shown in figure 85 being fired from a Navy F3 Demon aircraft,
attains a speed of 1,500 miles per hour, has a ceiling of 60, 000 feet,
and employs a high-explosive warhead. Sparrow is carried aboard the Navy's
all-weather fighters, the F3B Demon and F4B Phantom II.
Figure 85. Sparrow III fired from Demon aircraft.
SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES
Terrier (fig 86) has been operational with the US Fleet since 1956. It
uses beam-rider guidance, is 13 inches in diameter and about 27 feet long,
and, with booster, weighs about 3,000 pounds. It has a range of 20 miles
up to an altitude of 80,000 feet and carries a highexplosive or nuclear
warhead. This missile is fired in a sequence that is automatic from selection
of the ready round in the magazine through launching; only seconds are required
for the entire sequence. These missiles are currently operational on cruisers,
destroyers, and a few carriers.
Talos, a surface-to-air, beam-riding missile (fig 87), uses a solid-fuel
rocket motor for boost and a ramjet engine sustainer to attain a range of 100 miles.
Tales is 30 inches in diameter and 32 feet in length and weighs 3,000 pounds
(more than 7,000 pounds including booster). First fired at sea in 1959, the
missile delivers a high-explosive or nuclear warhead at supersonic speed up
to 80,000 feet altitude.
Tartar (fig 88) is designed for use on destroyer-type ships of the fleet. It
is effective against both low- and high-altitude targets and carries a high-explosive
warhead to a range of 17 miles and up to 65, 000 feet altitude. A dual-thrust,
solid-propellant rocket accelerates the missile to supersonic velocity. Its
overall length is about 12 feet, and its diameter is slightly more than 1 foot.
Tartar is used as a secondary battery aboard Tales-equipped cruisers .
Figure 86. Terrier missile batteries on U.S.S. Boston.
Figure 87. Tales missile battery on guided missile cruiser U.S.S. Galvesnon.
Figure 88. Tartar missile being fired from U.S.S. Norton Sound.
AIR DEFENSE WEAPONS OF THE US AIR FORCE
AIR DEFENSE COMMAND INTERCEPTORS
The USAF Air Defense Command employs three types of all-weather interceptors
and one type of clear airmass interceptor aircraft plus a variety of air-to-air
missiles and rockets to accomplish its mission and act as a deterrent air defense force.
The F-1O1B Voodoo (fig 89) can be employed in fighter and reconnaissance roles
as well as an interceptor. Produced in five models, the two-place F-1O1B is used
as an interceptor, while the other models ale used as both interceptor and
reconnaissance aircraft. The F-101B can develop a speed of mach 1.8 at 40,000 feet
with a ceiling of more than 50,000 feet and a combat radius of 600 nautical miles.
This interceptor is armed with a combination of AIR-2 (Genie) nuclear rockets and
AIM-4 (Falcon) missiles.
Figure 89. F-101B Voodoo.
Figure 90. F-102 Delta Dagger.
The F-102 Delta Dagger (fig 90) was the world's first supersonic all-weather
Jet interceptor and the first to incorporate the area rule (Coke bottle) fuselage
design. Using all electronic equipment, the radar locks on the-target and, at the
right instant, the electronic fire control system automatically prepares and fires
its weapon. Operational data show a supersonic speed with a ceiling of more than
50,000 feet and a combat radius of 600 nautical miles. Main armament is a
combination of nuclear-armed AIM-26 and AIM-4 (Falcon) missiles.
The F-104 Starfighter (flg 91) is the most widely used fighter-interceptor
in the free world air forces. Production for USAF has been completed, but variations
of the F-104 are being built under the Military Assistance Program in Canada, Germany,
Belgium, The Netherlands, Italy, and Japan. Greece and Turkey air forces also will use
the F-104. The StarfigfiteI version employed in the United States has a speed of more
than 1,400 miles per hour, a combat radius of 350 nautical miles, and a ceiling above
55,000 feet. The F-104 is armed with the AIM-9 (Sidewinder) and the Vulcan 2O-mm cannon
(M61).
Figure 91. F-104 Starfighter.
Figure 92. F-106A Delta Dart.
The F-106A Delta Dart (fig 92), evolved from the F 102 Delta Dagger, has a
more powerful engine; a redesigned tail, fuselage, and fuel tank; and improved
electronics and armament. The aircraft's electronic guidance and fire control
system has the capability of flying the aircraft soon after takeoff through a
cruise position to an attack position, detecting targets, firing at optimum range,
and immediately breaking off to seek other targets. At one time, me F-106A held
the world speed record at 1,525. 9 miles per hour. Its combat radius is 600 nautical
miles. The F-106A is armed with the AIR-2 (Genie) rockets and AIM-4 (Falcon) missiles.
Many other jet aircraft, including the F-100, F-105, F4C, and F5A, can be used as
fighters or interceptors; however, their prime mission is as fighters.
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES
The primary armament of interceptor aircraft is air-to-air missiles. The Falcon
family (fig 93) of air-to-air missiles comprises the smallest USAF guided missiles
in production, having a length of approximately 6 feet, a diameter of about 6 inches,
and a weight of about 100 pounds. Five basic versions of the Falcon have been produced.
Some use radar-homing guidance; others use infrared homing. All have solid-propellant
rocket motors. One later model has a nuclear warhead. All of the missiles have
supersonic velocity (mach 2, plus the speed of the aircraft), a ceiling above 50,000
feet, and a range greater than 5 miles.
Figure 93. Falcon family of missiles (left to right): nuclear-capable AIM-26A,
infrared AIM-4, radar homing AIM-4A, infrared AIM-4F, and radar homing AIM-4E.
AIM-26 (formerly CAR-11), an advanced version of the Falcon family,
combines the nuclear capability of the AIR-2 with AIM-4A accuracy. Carrying
a small-yield nuclear warhead, its semiactive radar guidance system enables
low-altitude intercept. The AUI-26 can be used on all F-102 aircraft.
Genie (AIR-2A) (fig 94) is an air-to-air rocket that carries a nuclear
warhead. It is unguided and uses a solid-propellant rocket motor. Genie
is carried under the wing of the F-89J interceptor and in the missile bays
of the F-101 and F-106. The missile has a length of 10 feet, a diameter
of 17 inches, and a weight of approximately 800 pounds. The missile reaches
supersonic velocity (mach 3, plus the speed of the aircraft) and can destroy
targets at altitudes above 50, 000 feet and at ranges of about 10 miles.
Figure 94. Genie rocket being loaded on the P-106A Delta Dart.
SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES
The CIM-1OB (Bomarc) missile resembIes an aircraft in configuration (fig 95)
and uses a solid rocket booster and two supersonic ramjet engines to develop speeds
in excess of mach 2 and reach altitudes above 70,000 feet. It is guided from the
ground to the vicinity of the target by commands from the SAGE system. As the missile
approaches the target, a homing guidance system on the missile rakes control and steers
the missile to intercept. The nuclear warhead is detonated by a prmrimity fuze. Bomarc
has a wing span of 18 feet, a length of about 57 feet, a height of 10 feet, a weight
of about 15,000 pounds, and a range in excess of 400 nautical miles.
Figure 95. CIM-LOB(Bomarc) missile at instant of firing.
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Updated November 5, 1997
(page 48)
Figure 46. Nike Hercules battery control area.
Figure 47. Nike Hercules launching area.
(page 49)
Figure 48. Scheme of operations, Nike Hercules system.
(page 50)
(page 51)
Figure 50. Target ranging radar.
(page 52)
Figure 51. Nike Hercules mobile launcher.
(page 53)
Figure 52. Nike Hercules ready-round transporter.
Figure 53. Nike Hercules section operating equipment trailer.
Figure 54. Nike Hercules test station truck.
(page 54)
Figure 55. Nike Hercules dolly-mounted launching control-indicator.
Figure 56.. Cable reel racks.
Figure 57. High-power acquisition radar.
Figure 58. AN/FPS-71 antenna.
(page 55)
Figure 59. Nike Hercules destroys Corporal missile.
Figure 60. Nike Hercules destroys Nike Hercules.
(page 56)
(page 57)
(page 58)
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM RADAR-SIGNAL SIMULATOR STATION, AN/MPQ-T1 (NIKE HERCULES)
(page 59)
(page 60)
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(page 64)
(page 65)
(page 66)
(page 67)
(page 68)
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Figure 77 shows the prototype BMAR.
(page 71)
(page 72)
GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM RADAR-SIGNAL SIMULATOR, AN/TP&-21 (HAWK)
(page 73)
(page 74)
(page 75)
(page 76)
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