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Index
Abacus, 3, 98
Aberdeen, Md., 95, 121, 127-128, 138.
See also Ballistic Research Lab
Accumulators, 53, 110-112; on ENIAC,
113-114
ACE (Automatic Computing Engine),
135, 137
Ackermann, W., 24
Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace,
56-57, 65, 145-146
Adding machines, 3, 5, 111
Addition, decimal, 52-53. See also
Arithmetic, decimal
Aerodynamics Research Institute (DVL),
28-29
Aiken, Howard H., xi, 6, 43, 68; and
Babbage, 56-57, 62, 64-65;
construction of ASCC, 49; education,
44; first thoughts on computing, 45;
postwar activities, 68-70
ALGOL (programming language), 23
Analog computing, 73, 107-108
Analytical Engine. See Babbage,
Charles
APL (programming language), 70
Apollonius, 77
Architecture, computer, 14-15, 96,
139-141
Arithmetic, 4; binary, 17, 21, 47, 87,
109-110; complex, 34, 76-81, 89;
decimal, 16, 47, 53, 117, 133-134;
floating vs. fixed point, 31, 35, 47;
serial vs. parallel, 118-119, 138-139
ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator), xi, 6, 43, 46, 48, 52;
construction, 49; cost, 51; description
of, 52-58; programming, 56-61; and
punched card machines, 51;
specifications, 58; use, 65-68
Atanasoff, John V., 105-106, 109-110,
122
AT&T, 74, 92, 100
Atomic bomb, 66, 126-127, 138
Babbage, Charles, 17, 46-48, 56, 62, 64;
and Analytical Engine, 14-15, 124-125,
145; and Difference Engine, 62-63, 67
Ballistic Research Lab, 108. See also
Aberdeen, Md.
Bardeen, John, 92
BASIC (programming language), 147
Bell, Alexander Graham, 73-74
Bell Laboratories, xi, 6, 73-75, 78, 85,
93, 123
Bell Labs Model I. See Complex Number
Computer
Bell Labs Models II-VI, 89, 94-96;
specifications of II-V, 95
Bell Telephone Company. See AT&T
Berkeley, Edmund, 73
Berlin, 14, 16, 18-19, 37-38; Technical
College of Berlin-Charlottenberg, 1011, 15; University of Berlin, 18
Bessel functions, 66-67
Binary arithmetic. See Arithmetic, binary
Binary-coded decimal (BCD), 81-84, 87,
101. See also Arithmetic, binary
Bi-quinary notation, 97-98
Bloch, Richard, 56
Brainerd, John G., 108, 110
Brattain, Walter, 99
Brooks, Fred, 70
Brown, T. H., 48
Bryce, James, 49
Bush, Vannevar, 48, 93, 107
Buttmann, W., 18
Calculators: and computers, 18, 47, 51,
55, 78, 132-133, 150; mechanical, 3, 5,
16, 52-53, 75, 108; pocket
programmable, 132, 140 Cambridge,
England, 135 Cambridge, Mass. See
Harvard University; MIT Clippinger,
R. H., 121 Colossus, 104-105, 112113, 116, 131-132, 135, 137 Compiler
programs, 144 Complements, 53, 55,
83-84, 123 Complex Number
Computer (Bell Labs Model 1), 76, 8185, 89-91, 118, 120; public
demonstration, 92-93; specifications,
86 Computer: analog, 107-108;
definition, xi-xii, 4, 5, 7, 92, 128, 132,
135, 145; digital, 53, 108-109;
electromechanical, 52; electronic, 105,
109, 112, 145-146; human, xi, 38, 136,
150; prehistory, xi, 3. See also
Architecture, computer Connie, L. J.,
68 Conant, James B., 51 Conditional
branch capability, 55, 65, 120, 134,
137, 144 Control, devices for, 4, 18,
46-47, 81, 96. See also Plugboards
Copernicus, N., 151 Counters, 54, 111
Dartmouth College, 92-93
de Beauclair, W., 34, 37 de
Forest, Lee, 74 Descartes,
Rene, 147
Determinants, 35-36, 37
Differences, method of finite, 62-64
Differential Analyzer, 48, 107-108, 127
Differential equations, 44, 66, 106-108,
119, 128; numerical solution of, 44,
107,126-128
Digital vs. analog computation, 53, 73,
108
Dreyer, H. J., 37
Durfee, Benjamin, 49
DVL (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fur
Luftfahrtforschung). See
Aerodynamics Research Institute
Eccles-Jordan flip-flop. See Flip-flop
Eckert, J. Presper, 106, 108, 109, 111,
138
Eckert, Wallace, 48, 51
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Computer), 118-119, 120, 124, 126,
137-138; design of, 138-139
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator
and Computer), xii, 7, 28, 104-106,
108, 131-133, 138, 150-151;
construction, 110; and EDVAC, 138;
patent, 109; programming, 115, 116,
117-120, 137; proposal for, 108, 112
specifications, 122-123; use, 126-128
Errors, computer: ASCC, 61-62, 65, 67
Bell Labs Computers, 96-98; ENIAC,
125
Fast, August, 37
Firing tables, 66, 106-107, 128. See also
Tables, mathematical
Flip-flop, 111-112
Flutter problem, 29, 37
Frankel, S., 126
Franklin, Benjamin, 104
Fry, T. C., 92
Gate, electronic, 116-117
Gauss, Karl F., 77
General Electric Co., 77, 78
German Army Command (OKH), 28
Gillon, Paul, 108
Goldstine, Adele, 127
Goldstine, Herman H., 127, 132
Good, I. J., 131
Gottingen, 17, 39, 77, 135
Grohmann, A., 18, 21
Hamilton, Frank, 49
Hamming, Richard, 98
Handbook of Mathematical Functions
(U.S. National Bureau of Standards),
68
Hartree, D. R., 127-128, 131
Harvard Mark I.
See
ASCC
Harvard University, 43, 48-49, 132;
Computation Laboratory, 65, 67-69
Henschel Aircraft Company, 15, 18; HS
293 Flying Bomb, 38
Hilbert, David, 24, 135
Hinterstein, 38
Hollerith, Herman, 4, 47
Hydrogen bomb, 126-127
IBM Corporation, 43, 48-49, 52, 68, 100,
111, 123; Card Programmed Calculator
(CPC), 69; Endicott, N.Y., plant, 49, 57;
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., plant, 51; Selective
Sequence Electronic Computer (SSEC),
69, 150; Type 601 and 603 Multipliers,
48-49, 51, 57, 122 ILLIAC IV, 98
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton,
139; IAS Computer, 139-140 Institute
for Applied Mathematics, Darmstadt, 37
Iowa State College, 105, 109-110
Iverson, Kenneth, 70
Jacquard, J. M., 46-47
Kepler, Johannes, 77
Kettering, Charles, 78
Kussner, H. G., 37
Lake, Clair, 49
Lehmer, D. H., 127
Leibniz, G. W., 17, 24
Leitz Optical Works, 39
Logic.
See
Symbolic logic; Propositional
Calculus
M-9 Gun Director, 94
Manual of Operation for the ASCC,
52,
60, 64
Mark I.
See
ASCC
Mark II, III, IV (Harvard), 68
Mauchly, John, 105-110
passim;
education, 108, 111; and the EDVAC,
138, 142; and the ENIAC, 110-112;
proposal for a computer, 108
Memory, computer, 139-140, 145, 151;
EDVAC, 138; mechanical, 18, 19; readonly (ROM), 146, 152; Z3, 30
Metropolis, N., 126
MIT, 93
Monroe Calculating Company, 48
Moore School of Electrical Engineering
(University of Pennsylvania), 105-107;
conferences held at, 132
Multiplication, machine, 16, 21, 51, 87,
121-122, 133-134
NACA (National Advisory Committee on
Aeronautics), Langley, Va., 95
National Cash Register (NCR), 105
National Defense Research Committee
(NDRC), 94
Northrop Aircraft Company, 69
Operating Systems, 96
Palmer, R. L., 51
Pannke, Kurt, 21
Parallel vs. serial computing.
See
Programming
Parity checking, 98
Pascal, Blaise, 3
Philadelphia, Penn., 104-106, 127
Plan Calculus
(plankalkul)
39,
142-144
Plugboards, 47, 110, 116-119.
See also
Programming
Postfix notation, 36
Prefix notation, 89
Programming, 14, 81, 144-146; by
perforated tape or film, 26, 56, 116; by
plugboard, 47, 116-117; sequential vs.
parallel, 45-46, 60, 91, 117-119, 138139.
See also
Control, devices for
Programming languages, 23, 143-144,
147, 150. See also Plan Calculus
Propositional Calculus, 23-25
Punched card equipment, 4, 45-47, 51,
54, 109, 122; IBM 601 and 603,
49-50
RCA, 105
Registers, 54
Reich, H. J., 111
Relays: crossbar, 85, 87;
electromechanical, xii, 22, 26, 29-32, 5859, 84-87, 97, 123; electronic, 26;
mechanical 21; notation, 22; and vacuum
tubes, 6
Reliability. See Errors, computer
Richardson, Lewis F., 108
Russell, Bertrand, 24
Rutishauser, Heinz, 144
Sl, S2 Computers, 38
Schreyer, Helmut, 18, 26, 28-29, 38;
proposed electronic computer, 28-29
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic
Computer), 93
Sequential vs. parallel programming. See
Programming, sequential vs. parallel
Shannon, Claude, 84, 100
Shapley, Harlow, 48
Shockley, William, 99
Simultaneous linear equations, solution
of, 109
Slide rule, 11
SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic
Computer), 69, 150
Static indeterminate equations, 11,
15
Steinmetz, Charles P., 77
Stibitz, George R., xi, 6, 73-75, 98, 100,
125; and Complex Number Computer,
81-84, 86-87; education, 78-79; first
work on computing, 78-79; later
activities, 94-95, 125
Stored program principle, 7-8, 57, 69,
121, 132-133, 137, 144-146, 150
Strowger, Almon, 75, 85
Subtraction, 53, 55
Symbolic logic, 23, 24, 84, 87. See also
Propositional Calculus
Tables, mathematical, 45, 55, 58, 66, 102;
function, 122; NBS, Handbook of
Mathematical Functions, 68. See also
Firing tables; Bessel functions
Teichmann, Alfred, 29, 37 Telefunken
Corporation, 28 Telephones, 73, 99; and
computers, 31, 97; dial, 75;
switchboards, 81 TRADIC (Bell Labs
Transistorized Computer), 99
Transistor, 99-100 Trigger circuit, 111.
See also Flip-flop Turing, Alan M., 8,
131, 134-136, 146 Turing, Sarah, 131
Turing "machine," 136
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer), 147 University of
Pennsylvania. See Moore School of
Electrical Engineering Ursinus
College, 105, 111 U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 147 U.S. Navy, 49, 51
VI, V2, etc., computers. See ZI, Z2,
etc., computers Vacuum tubes, 2628, 74, 111-113, 125-126 Vail,
Theodore N., 74, 75 Viete, F., 147
von Neumann, John, 6, 127, 137139; computer architecture, 139-140
Walther, Alwin, 34, 37 Watson, Thomas,
48-49, 51. See also IBM Corporation
Watt, James, 4, 105 Weather forecasting,
108, 127 Weaver, Warren, 94 Western
Union, 74 Whitehead, Alfred North, 24
Wiener, Norbert, 17, 93 Williams,
Samuel, 84, 86-87, 92, 123 World War
11, 28-29, 43, 93, 106, 126, 149
Z1 Computer, 25, 29
Z2 Computer, 29
Z3 Computer: cost, 30; description,
29-35; destroyed, 39; programming,
35-38; specifications, 34-35
Z4 Computer, 38-39, 55-56, 132
Z5-Z11 Computers, 39
Zurich, 39
Zuse, Konrad, xi, 6, 79-80, 109, 151;
and army, 29; and binary system,
17-18, 47, 84, 110, 125, 132; builds
prototype computers, 18-21, 24, 29;
and concept of "reckoning," 14;
education, 10-11, 15; first thoughts on
computing, 11-14; and Plan
Calculus, 141-143; and Plan
Preparation Machine, 144; and
Propositional Calculus, 22-23, 84;
postwar activities, 39-40, 140-141,
151; and the Z4, 38-39
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