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Ord. Mono. 1961, Appendix I, starting page 098
Ord. Mono. 1961, Appendix I, starting page 099
Ord. Mono. 1961, Appendix II, starting page 100
Appendix II.Link to Technical Data of EDVAC, From BRL Report No. 1115, March 1961
Ord. Mono. 1961, Appendix III, starting page 104
Appendix III.
Link to Technical Data of ORDVAC, From BRL Report No. 1115, March 1961
Ord. Mono. 1961, Appendix IV, starting page 110
Appendix IV.
Link to Technical Data of BRLESC, From BRL Report No.1115, March 1961
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 113
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 114
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 115
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 116
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 117
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V, starting page 118
APPENDIX VI
TABLE V
ARITHMETIC OPERATION TIME (INCLUDING ACCESS) OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
ADD TIME
MICROSECONDSMULTIPLY TIME
MICROSECONDSDIVIDE TIME
MICROSECONDSSYSTEM 2.5 - 27.5 14 - 61.5 5 - 63.5 AN/FSQ 31 (v) 2.5 - 27.5 14 - 61.5 56.5 - 70 AN/FSQ 32 3 20 40 WESTINGHOUSE AIRBORNE 3.7 - 11.7 42.3 - 50.3 45 - 53.0 PHILCO 2000 4 26 46 LITTON C 7000 4 12.7 31 UNIVAC 1107 4 8 28 UNIVAC WC 4.36 - 32.70 4.36 - 30.52 6.54 - 32.70 IBM 7090 4.8 9.6 to 19.2 19.6 to 80.0 LINCOLN TX 2 4.8 - 9.6 25.2 to 0.8N 63.6 - 66.4 CDC 1604 5 65 80 BURROUGHS D 103 5 300 600 PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR 5 10 105 SYLVANIA UDOFTT 5 - 6 25 65 BRLESC 6 1,000 1,000 LINCOLN TX 0 6.4 - 19.2 - - CDC 160 7 - 16 108 108 OKLAHOMA UNIVERSITY 7.2 - 12 19.2 - 84 84 UNIVAC 490 8 140 330 MERLIN 8 43 44 SYLVANIA S 9400 9 76.5 - 184.5 76.5 - 312.5 UNIVAC III 9.75 13.75 28.75 RCA 601 10 40 80 BURROUGHS D 202 10 56 70 IBM 7074 10 25 45 TARGET INTERCEPT 10 - - TRICE 10.2 - 12.6 30 - 108 108 BURROUGHS D 204 12.0 16.5 51.0 AN/FSQ 7 AN/FSQ 8 (SAGE) 12 60 - 102 60 - 102 LITTON DATA ASSESSOR 13.08 (6 + 6) 140 (6 x 6) 210 (10/6) IBM 7080 16 35.2 - 112 112 AN/USQ 20 16 - - ITT SPES 025 16 86 88 MOBIDIC A 16 86 88 MOBIDIC C D & 7A 17/Digit - - IBM 705 I II 20 - - CUBIC TRACKER 20.7 392 425 AN/TYK 7v INFORMER 22 300 - 600 575 - 725 NAREC 22 - - STORED PROGRAM DDA 22 34 - 41 71 WHIRLWIND II 22 - 26 238 - 242 238 - 242 AN/TYK 6v BASICPAC
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX V - cont., starting page 119 APPENDIX VI
TABLE V (CONTINUED)
ARITHMETIC OPERATION TIME (INCLUDING ACCESS) OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
ADD TIME
MICROSECONDSMULTIPLY TIME
MICROSECONDSDIVIDE TIME
MICROSECONDSSYSTEM 24 264 288 AN/ASQ 28 (v) MDC 24 252 252 COMPAC 24 162 450 HONEYWELL Boo 24 84 84 LINCOLN CG 24 24 96 168 RCA 300 24 + n/2 71 81 MANIAC III 24 - 84 24 - 240 36 - 240 IBM 704 24 - 84 24 - 240 36 - 240 IBM 709 25 75 75 BURROUGHS D 201 25 75 - CCC REAL TIME 25 400 400 JOHNNIAC 26 700 750 BURROUGHS D 208 27 70 112 BENDIX G 20 32 - - BURROUGHS D 209 32 366 380 LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC 32 - - MODAL 5014 33 - - NORDEN VOTE TALLY 36 80 128 RW 400 36 or 60 456 456 IBM 701 40 230 426 BURROUGHS D 107 40 250 500 GENERAL ELECTRIC 225 40 375 520 LEPRECHAUN 40 40 to 424 40 to 460 LIBRASCOPE MK 130 42 88 - MOBIDIC B 42 294 1,044 NATIONAL 315 44 239 486 UNIVAC 1103 1103 A 45 - - PHILCO CXPQ 50 85 85 RICE UNIVERSITY 50 to 140 - - INTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION 56 728 868 RCA 110 59 59 177 LIBRASCOPE CP 209 6o 116 508 UNIVAC 1105 64 550 1,200 GENERAL ELECTRIC 210 64 368 - SWAC 70 370 - 590 590 ORACLE 72 (10 + 10) 672 to 1,488 (10 x 10) 792 to 984 IBM 7070 80 840 940 GENERAL MILLS AD/ECS 84 84 + 84/Bit 84 + 84/Bit HUGHES LRI X 86 3,000 3,000 BURROUGHS D 203 90 300 - 1,700 - AF/CRC 93 665 - 865 950 ILLIAC
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX VI - cont., starting page 120 APPENDIX VI
TABLE V (CONTINUED)
ARITHMETIC OPERATION TIME (INCLUDING ACCESS) OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
ADD TIME
MICROSECONDSMULTIPLY TIME
MICROSECONDSDIVIDE TIME
MICROSECONDSSYSTEM 95.8 770.8 3,159.2 IBM 705 III 100 990 1,200 CYCLONE 100 1,000 1,100 MISTIC 108 372 348 PACKARD BELL 250 120 1,520 16,200 GENERAL MILLS APSAC 120 540 540 MONROBOT V 120 1,320 3,480 NATIONAL 304 160 1,720 3,030 UNIVAC II 160 - - VERDAN 170 680 - 10, 710 - ITT BANK LN PROC 176 - 264 4,000 6,000 UDEC I II III 192 2,016 2,592 GENERAL ELECTRIC 312 160 + 16 (Aug + Add) 80 + 16 80 + 16 TELEREGISTER TELEFILE 192 - 1,536 2,208 - 3,552 2,256 - 3,600 EDVAC 192 - 1,536 2,304 - 3,648 2,304 - 3,648 DYSEAC 192 - 1,540 2,300 - 3,650 2,300 - 3,650 SEAC 200 2,070 3,985 BURROUGHS 220 200 860 1,420 HONEYWELL 290 210 105 + 105/Bit 105/Bit HUGHES DIGITAIR 210 7,800 - RCA 301 220 1,760 5,300 HAMPSHIRE TRTDS 932 221 - - SPEC 224 13,860 (6 x 6) 17,640 (6/6) IBM 609 230.4 1,008 2,304 DATAMATIC 1000 250 250 - CUBIC AIR TRAFFIC 264 1,144 2,112 HUGHES M 252 300 1,960 2,170 IBM 1401 312 2,028 - ASC 15 400 - 17,000 10,000 - 26,000 10,000 - 26,000 OARAC 428 8,500 8,000 HAMPSHIRE CCC 500 440 25,000 40,000 READIX 500 500 - 1,000 - LOGISTICS 500 17,000 17,000 RPC 4000 525 2,150 3,950 UNIVAC I 540 2,430 - 16,700 2,430 - 16,700 BENDIX G 15 540 10,800 11,300 RECOMP II 560 3,137 4,830 DIANA 624 3,744 3,744 AN/ASQ 28 (v) EDC 625 4,219 4,375 LIBRASCOPE ASN 24 780 2,990 3,120 RW 300 910 36,000 3,600 LEEDS NORTHROP 3000
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX VI - cont., starting page 121 APPENDIX VI
TABLE V (CONTINUED)
ARITHMETIC OPERATION TIME (INCLUDING ACCESS) OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
ADD TIME
MICROSECONDSMULTIPLY TIME
MICROSECONDSDIVIDE TIME
MICROSECONDSSYSTEM 924 4,224 4,224 RHINO 3000 960 (10 Dig) 17,700 (10 Dig) 16.8 IBM 1620 1,000 17,000 17,000 ALWAC III E 1,000 17,000 17,000 LIBRATROL 1000 1,019 - 1,188 9,300 12,680 BURROUGHS 204 1,019 - 1,188 9,300 12,680 BURROUGHS 205 1,110 2,860 3,520 RPC 9000 1,360 1,275 1,275 UNIVAC SOLID STATE 8090 1,360 1,275 + 1,275 + UNIVAC STEP 1,980 22,240 22,740 REPAC 2,000 21,000 21,500 RECOMP I CP 266 3,445 5,335 7,426 PENNSTAC 3,500 22,000 22,000 ELECOM 125 125FP 7,750 23,000 23,000 LIBRATROL 500 7,800 21,000 to 49,100 21,000 to 53,200 NATIONAL 102 D 8,000 17,000 17,000 LGP 30 8,000 8,000 8,000 MODAC 414 8,000 68,000 77,000 MONROBOT MU 8,700 23,800 27,500 UNIVAC FILE 0 8,700 23,800 27,500 UNIVAC FILE 1 9,000 34,000 500,000 MONROBOT XI 9,590 19,850 20,390 JUKEBOX 11,000 250,000 400,000 NATIONAL 390 11,200 24,300 25,600 MINIAC II 12,000 13,500 54,000 MONROBOT Ix 15,000 40,000 40,000 NATIONAL 107 16,700 16,700 16,700 WISC 17,010 - - TELEREGISTER UNIFIED AIRLINES 19,900 37,500 38,500 NATIONAL 102 A 20,000 - - ELECOM 100 25,000 - - MODAC 404 30,000 60,000 - 190,000 100,000 - 370,000 IBM 305 RAMAC 50,000 250,000 250,000 BURROUGHS E 101 50,000 250,000 250,000 BURROUGHS E 102 51,000 250,000 300,000 BURROUGHS E 103 60,000 220,000 200,000 DE 60 110,000 2,500,000 - IBM 632 120,000 540,000 540,000 MONROBOT III 135,000 600,000 600,000 MONROBOT V
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX VII, starting page 122 APPENDIX VII
TABLE XIV
APPROXIMATE COST OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
(BASIC OR TYPICAL SYSTEM)
COST SYSTEM COST SYSTEM $ 1,000 PERK I II $ 86,074 MONROBOT V 6,000 IBM 632 87,500 RPC 4000 9,650 MONROBOT IX 95,000 RECOMP II 15,000 HRB SINGER 97,000 ELECOM 120 17,000 to 20,000 ITT BANK LN PROC 97,500 UNIVAC 120 18,000 DE 60 98,000 RW 300 19,195 SPEC 100,000 MODAC 404 20,000 GEOTECH AUTOMATIC 100,000 PENNSTAC 20,000 MAGNEFILE B 110,000 PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR 22,500 ELECOM 50 120,000 MODAL 410 24,500 MONROBOT XI 120,000 RPC 9000 29,750 BURROUGHS E 101 125,600 IBM 1401 29,750 BURROUGHS E 102 127,000 FOSDIC 29,750 BURROUGHS E 103 141,980 GENERAL MILLS AD/ECS 36,000 IBM 609 150,000 MODAL 414 40,500 PACKARD BELL 250 155,000 ELECOM 125 125FP 45,000 DISTRIBUTAPE 160,000 BURROUGHS D 204 49,500 BENDIX G 15 167,850 IBM 305 RAMAC 49,500 LPG 30 170,000 HONEYWELL 290 50,000 ALWAC II 175,000 UNIVAC STEP 50,000 HAMPSHIRE CCC 500 182,000 IBM 650 RAMAC TAPES 50,000 MAGNEFILE D 185,000 OARAC 70,000 TRICE 196,000 RCA 301 50,000 to 100,000 HAMPSHIRE TRTDS 932 200,000 BURROUGHS 204 55,000 BENDIX D 12 200,000 BURROUGHS 205 55,000 IBM 610 200,000 GENERAL ELECTRIC 225 56,300 NATIONAL 390 200,000 RASTAC 60,000 CDC 160 200,000 RASTAD 60,000 ELECOM 100 225,000 GENERAL ELECTRIC 210 64,000 IBM 1620 225,000 NUMERICORD 65,000 NATIONAL 102 D 230,000 IBM 701 70,000 NATIONAL 102 A 250,000 MANIAC I 70,000 READIX 257,000 RCA 501 75,000 IBM CPC 300,000 ILLIAC 75,000 UNIVAC 60 300,000 TELEREGISTER MAGNET INVENT CONT 76,950 ALWAC III E 300,000 UNIVAC FILE 1 80,000 AN/MJQ 1 REDSTONE 300,000 UNIVAC FILE 0 80,000 CIRCLE 320,000 BURROUGHS 220 82,500 NATIONAL 315 347,500 UNIVAC SOLID STATE 80/90 84,500 LIBERATOR 500 350,000 MANIAC II 85,000 MANIAC II 350,000 UNIVERSAL DATA TRANS 85,000 MODAL 5014 354,000 LOGISTICS 85,200 GENERAL ELECTRIC 312 358,000 IBM 702
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX VII - cont., starting page 123 APPENDIX VII
TABLE XIV (CONTINUED)
APPROXIMATE COST OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS
(BASIC OR TYPICAL SYSTEM)
COST SYSTEM $ 366,600 NATIONAL 304 400,000 RICE UNIVERSITY 400,000 SWAC 467,000 EDVAC 478,000 BENDIX G 20 500,000 AN/TYK 6v BASICPAC 500,000 GEORGE 500,000 UDEC I II III 500,000 (Donated) UNIVAC 1101 600,000 MERLIN 600,000 NORDEN VOTE TALLY 600,000 ORDVAC 700,000 UNIVAC III 750,000 CDC 1604 750,000 UNIVAC I 800,000 AF/CRC 813,250 IBM 7070 839,700 RCA 601 895,000 UNIVAC 1103 1103A 970,000 UNIVAC II 975,000 HONEYWELL 800 1,000,000 ITT SPES 025 1,000,000 LINCOLN CG 24 1,000,000 NATIONAL 107 1,284,350 IBM 7074 1,400,000 UNIVAC 1102 1,500,000 NAREC 1,500,000 UNIVAC 490 1,600,000 PHILCO CXPQ 1,640,000 IBM 705 1 11 1,800,000 to 2,700,000 UNIVAC 1107 1,932,000 UNIVAC 1105 1,994,000 (Excluding Discount IBM 704 2,000,000 BRLESC 2,179,100 DATAMATIC 1000 2,200,000 IBM 7080 2,500,000 NORC 2,630,000 IBM 709 2, 893, 000 IBM 7090 4,500,000 BIZMAC I 6,000,000 UNIVAC LARC
Ord. Mono. 1961, APPENDIX VIII, starting page 124 APPENDIX VIII
Glossary of Computer Engineering and Programming Terminology (Partial list from BRL Report 1115, March 1961)
ACCESS, RANDOM
Access to storage under conditions in which the next position from which information is to be obtained is in no way dependent on the previous one.ACCESS TIME(1) The time interval between the instant at which information is: (a) called for from storage and the instant at which delivery is completed, i. e., the read time; or (b) ready for storage and the instant at which storage is completed, i. e., the write time. (2) the latency plus the word-time.ACCURACYFreedom from error. Accuracy contrasts with precision; e. g., a four- place table, correctly computed, is accurate; a six-place table containing an error is more precise, but not accurate.ADDERA device capable of forming the sum of two or more quantities.ADDRESSA label such as an integer or other set of characters which identifies a register, location of device in which information is stored.ANALOGThe representation of numerical quantities by means of physical variables, e. g., translation, rotation, voltage, resistance; contrasted with "digital".ANALYZER, DIFFERENTIALAn analog computer designed and used primarily for solving many types of differential equations. 125AND-OPERATORA logical operator which has the property such that if P and Q are two statements, then the statement "P and Q" is true or false precisely according to the following table of possible combinations:AND-GATEThe "and" operator is often represented by a centered dot (.), or by no sign, as in P . Q or PQ; the term conjunction is applied to this operator.
P Q P and Q false 0 false 0 false 0 false 0 true 1 false 0 true 1 false 0 false 0 true 1 true 1 true 1 A signal circuit with two or more input wires which has the property that the output wire gives a signal if and only if all input wires receive coincident signals.ARITHMETIC UNITThat portion of the "hardware" of an automatic computer in which the arithmetic and logical operations .are performed.AUTOMATIONThe entire field of investigation, design, development, application and methods of rendering or making processes or machines self- acting or self-moving; rendering automatic; theory, art or technique of making a device, machine, process or procedure more fully automatic; the implementation of a self-acting or self-moving, hence, automatic process or machine.BINARYA characteristic or property involving a selection, choice or condition in which there are but two possible alternatives.BINARY, NUMBERA single digit or group of characters or symbols representing the total, aggregate or amount of units utilizing the base two; usually using only the digits "0" and "1" to express quantity. 126CAPACITYThe upper and lower limits of the numbers which may be processed in a computer register, e. g., in the accumulator, e. g. the capacity of a computer may be ten decimal digits or the capacity of a computer may be +.00000 00001 to +.99999 99999. Quantities which exceed the capacity usually interrupt the operation of the computer in some fashion; the quantity of information which may be stored in a storage unit; see Capacity, Storage.CAPACITY, STORAGEMaximum number of words or characters which a device is capable of storing; a measure of the ability of a device to store information for future reference.CHARACTEROne of a set of elementary symbols such as those corresponding to the keys on a typewriter. The symbols usually include the decimal digits 0 through 9, the letters A through Z, punctuation marks, operation symbols, and any other single symbols which a computer may read, store, or write; a pulse code representation of such a symbol.CHECKA means of verification of information or operation during or after an operation.CODEA system of symbols or their use in representing rules for handling the flow or processing of information; to actually prepare problems for solution on a specific computer.CODINGThe list, in computer code or in pseudo-code, of the successive computer operations required to solve a given problem; repertoire of instructions.CODING, ALPHABETICA system of abbreviation used in preparing information for input into a computer such that information is reported in the form of letters, e. g., New York as NY, carriage return as CN, etc. 127CODING, AUTOMATICAny technique in which a computer is used to help bridge the gap between some "easiest" form, intellectually and manually, of describing the, steps to be followed in solving a given problem and some "most efficient" final coding of the same problem for a given computer; two basic forms am Routine, Compilation and Routine, Interpretation.CODING, NUMERICA system of abbreviation used in the preparation of information for machine acceptance by reducing all information to numerical quantities; in contrast to alphabetic coding.COMMANDA pulse, signal, or set of signals initiating one step in the performance of a computer operation; that portion of the instruction word which specifies the operation to be performed; See instruction.COMPUTERAny device capable of accepting information, applying prescribed processes to the information, and supplying the results of these processes; sometimes, more specifically a device for performing sequences of arithmetic and logical operations; sometimes, still more specifically, a stored-program digital computer capable of performing sequences performing sequences of internally-stored instructions, as opposed to calculators on which the sequence is impressed manually (desk calculator) or from tape or cards (card programmed calculator) .COMPUTER , ANALOGA calculating; machine which solves problems by translating physical conditions like flow, temperature or pressure into electrical quantities and using electrical equivalent circuits for the physical phenomenon.COMPUTER, ASYNCHRONOUSA calculating device in which an operation is initiated by a signal generated upon completion of a previous operation; contrasted with Synchronous Computer.COMPUTER, AUTOMATICA calculating device which handles long sequences of operations without human intervention.COMPUTER, DIGITALA calculating device utilizing numbers to express all the variables and quantities of a problem. The numbers are usually expressed as a space-time distribution of punched holes, electrical pulses, sonic pulses, etc.COMPUTER, SYNCHRONOUSA calculating device in which the performance of all operations is controlled with periodic signals from a master clock.CONTROL(1) Usually, those parts of a digital computer which effect the carrying out of instructions in proper sequence, the interpretation of each instruction, and the application of the proper signals to the arithmetic unit and other parts in accordance with this interpretation. (2) Frequently, one or more of the components in any mechanism responsible for interpreting and carrying out manually-initiated directions. Sometimes called manual control. (3) In some applications of mathematics, a mathematical check.CONTROL-UNITThat portion of the hardware of an automatic digital computer which directs the sequence of operations, interprets the coded instructions, and initiates the proper commands to the computer circuits to execute the instructions.CORE, MAGNETICA magnetic material capable of assuming and remaining at one of two or more conditions of magnetization, thus capable of providing storage, gating or switching functions, usually of toroidal shape and pulsed or polarized by electric currents carried on wire adjacent the material.DATA-REDUCTIONThe art or process of transforming masses of raw test or experimentally obtained data, usually gathered by instrumentation, into useful, ordered, or simplified intelligence.DECODETo ascertain the intended meaning of the individual characters or groups of characters in the pseudo-coded program.DIGITOne of the n symbols of integral value ranging from 0 to _n-1 inclusive in a scale of numbering of base n, e.g., one of the ten decimal digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.DIGIT, BINARYA whole number in the binary scale of notation; this digit may be only 0 (zero) or 1 (one). It may be equivalent to an "on" or "off" condition, a "yes" or a "no", etc.DIGITALThe quality of utilizing numbers in a given scale of notation to represent all the quantities that occur in a problem or a calculation.DOWN-TIMEThe period during which a computer is malfunctioning or not operating correctly due to machine failures; contrasted with available time, idle time or standby time. Scheduled maintenance time is also considered down-time, in as much as the computer is unable to operate during this period.DRUM, MAGNETICA rotating cylinder on whose magnetic-material coating information is stored in the form of magnetized dipoles, the orientation or polarity of which is used to store binary information.ELECTRONICPertaining to the application of that branch of science which deals with the motion, emission and behavior of currents of free electrons, especially in vacuum, gas or phototubes and special conductors or semi-conductors. Contrasted with electric which pertains to the flow of large currents in wires or conventional conductors.ERRORThe amount of loss of precision in a quantity; the difference between an accurate quantity and its calculated approximation; errors occur in numerical methods, e.g. an error introduced by the truncation of a power series defining a transcendental function. This may be classified as an error introduced by the numerical method, there is no mistake involved and the computer is operating properly; mistakes occur in programming, coding, data transcription, and operating; thus, usually humans make mistakes, e.g., assigning a wrong address when coding a problem; malfunctions occur in computers and are due to physical limitations on the properties of materials. An error is sometimes considered to be the differential margin by which a controlled unit deviates from its target value.FLIP-FLOPA bi-stable device; a device capable of assuming two stable states; a bi- stable device which may assume a given stable H e state depending upon the pulse history of one or more input points and having one or more output points. The device is capable of storing a bit of information; a control device for opening or closing gates; a toggle.FUNCTION-TABLETwo or more sets of information so arranged that an entry in one set selects one or more entries in the remaining sets; a dictionary; a device constructed of hardware, or a subroutine, which can either (a) decode multiple inputs into a single output or (b) encode a single input into multiple outputs; a tabulation of the values of a function for a set of values of the variable.GATEA circuit which has the ability to produce an output which is dependent upon a specified type of or the co-incidence nature of the input, e.g. an "and" gate has an output pulse when there is time coincidence at all inputs; an "or" gate has an output when any one or any combination of input pulses occur in time coincidence; any gate may contain a number of "inhibits", in which there is no output under any condition of input if there is time coincidence of an inhibit or "except" signal.HALF-ADDERA circuit having two output points, S and C, and two input points, A and B, such that the output is related to the input according to the following table:HARDWAREIf A and B are arbitrary input pulses, and S and C are "sum without carry" and carry, respectively, it may be seen that two half-adders, properly connected may be used for Performing binary addition.
INPUT OUTPUT A B S C 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 The mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices from which a computer is fabricated; the assembly of material forming a computer or component thereof.INFORMATIONAn aggregation of data.INSTRUCTIONA set of characters which defines an operation together with one or more addresses (or no address) and which, as a unit, causes the computer to operate accordingly on the indicated quantities. The term "instruction" is preferable to the terms ''command'' and "order"; command is reserved for electronic signals; order is reserved for "the order of the characters" (implying sequence) or "the order of the interpolation", or "the order of the differential equation".LANGUAGE, MACHINEExpressions which define the operations of a computer, usually intelligible to the computer by means of it circuitry. It may be information recorded in a form which may be made available to a computer; coded information which can be sensed by a machine.LOGICThe science that deals with the cannons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration; the science of the formal principles of reasoning; the basic principles and applications of truth tables, gating, interconnection, etc. required for arithmetic computation in a computer. 132MEMORYThe term "storage" is preferred.MICROSECONDA millionth part of a second. Abbreviated usec.MILLISECONDA thousandth part of a second. Abbreviated msec.MISTAKEA human blunder which results in an incorrect instruction in a program- or in coding, an incorrect element of information, or an incorrect manual operation. See Error.NUMBER, BINARYA numerical value written in the base-two system of notation. Usually the characters 0 and 1 are used to express numbers, although any pair of arbitrary symbols could be used.OPERATIONA defined action; the action specified by a single computer instruction or pseudo-instruction; an arithmetical, logical, or transferal unit of a problem, usually executed under the direction of a subroutine.OPERATION, ARITHMETICALAn operation in which numerical quantities form the elements of the calculation (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).OPERATION, REAL-TIME or ON-LINEThe,processing of data in synchronism or in coincidence with a physical process in such a fashion that the results of the data-processing are useful to the physical operation.OPERATION, SERIALThe flow of information through a computer in time sequence, using only one digit, word, line or channel at a time. Contrasted with parallel operation.OR-OPERATORA logical operator which has the property such that if P or Q are two statements, then the statement "P or Q" is true or false precisely according to the following table of possible combinations:OUTPUTThe term disjunction is applied to this operator.
P Q P or Q False 0 True 1 True 1 True 1 False 0 True 1 True 1 True 1 True 1 False 0 False 0 False 0 Information transferred from the internal storage of a computer to secondary or external storage; information transferred to any device exterior to the computer.PARALLELHandled simultaneously in separate facilities; operating on two or more parts of a word or item simultaneously; contrasted with serial.PLUG-BOARDA removable panel containing an ordered array of terminals which may be interconnected by short electrical leads according to a prescribed pattern and hence designating a specific program or machine step. The entire panel, pre-wired, may be inserted for different programs. Used to a large extent in CPC's, printers, tabulators, summary punches and some computers e.g. the Univac File Computer.PRECISIONThe degree of exactness with which a quantity is stated; a relative term often based on the number of significant digits in a measurement. See also Accuracy.PROGRAMMERA person who prepares instruction sequences without necessarily converting them into the detailed codes of a particular computer.PUNCH, CARDA device which perforates or places holes in cards in specific locations designated by a program.RANDOM-ACCESSAccess to storage under conditions in which the next position from which information is to be obtained is in no way dependent on the previous one.READTo copy, usually from one form of storage to another, particularly from external or secondary storage to internal storage; to sense the meaning or arrangements of hardware; to sense the presence of information on a recording medium.READER, CARDA mechanism that permits the sensing of information punched on cards by means of wire brushes, metal feelers, or a photoelectric device, converting the information into electrical pulses that are sensible to the computing system.READER, TAPE, MAGNETICA device capable of restoring to a train or sequence of electrical pulses, information recorded on a magnetic tape in the form of a series of magnetized spots, usually for the purpose of transferring the information to some other storage medium.READER, TAPE, PAPERA device capable of restoring to a train or sequence of electrical pulses, information punched on a paper tape in the form of a series of holes, usually for the purpose of transferring the Information to some other storage medium.REAL-TIMEThe performance of a computation during the actual time that the related physical process transpires in order that results of the computations are useful in guiding the physical process.ROUTINEA set of coded instructions arranged in proper sequence to direct the computer to perform a desired operation or series of operations.RUNOne performance of a program on a computer; performance of one routine, or several routines automatically linked so that they form an operating unit, during which manual manipulations are not required of the computer operator.SCANNERAn instrument which automatically samples or interrogates the state of various processes, conditions, or physical states and initiates action in accordance with the information obtained.SENSETo examine, particularly relative to a criterion; to determine the present arrangement of some element of hardware, especially a manually-set switch; to read holes punched in paper.SEQUENCERA machine which puts items of information into a particular order, e.g., it will determine whether A is greater than, equal to, or less than B, and sort or order accordingly.STORAGEPreferred to memory, any device into which units of information can be copied, which will hold this information, and from which the information can be obtained at a later time; devices, such as plug-boards, which hold information in the form of arrangements of physical elements, hardware, or equipment; the erasable storage in any given computer.STORAGE, MAGNETICAny storage system which utilizes the magnetic properties of materials to store information.STORAGE, MERCURYColumns of a liquid mercury medium used as a storage element by the delaying action or time of travel of sonic pulses which are circulated by having electrical amplifier, shaper, and timer circuits complete the loop.STORAGE, PARALLELStorage in which all bits, or characters, or (especially) words are essentially equally available in space, without time being one of the coordinates. Parallel storage contrasts with serial storage. When words are in parallel, the storage is said to be parallel by words; when characters within words (or binary digits within words or characters) are dealt with simultaneously, not one after the other, the storage is parallel by characters (or parallel by bit respectively). Contrasted with Storage, Parallel.STORAGE, SERIALStorage in which time is one of the coordinates used to locate any given bit, character, or (especially) word. Storage in which words, within given groups of several words, appear one after the other in time sequence, and in which access time therefore includes a variable latency or waiting time of from zero to many-times, is said to be serial by word. Storage in which the individual bits comprising a word appear in time sequence is serial by bit. Storage for coded- decimal or other non-binary numbers in which the characters appear in time sequence is serial by character; e.g., magnetic drums are usually serial by word but may be serial by bit, or parallel by bit, or serial by character and parallel by bit, etc.SUBROUTINEThe set of instructions necessary to direct the computer to carry out a well defined mathematical or logical operation; a subunit of a routine. A subroutine is often written in relative or symbolic coding even when the routine to which it belongs is not.SYSTEMAn assembly of components united by some form of regulated interaction; an organized whole.TABULATORA machine which reads information from one medium, e. g. cards, paper tape, magnetic tape, etc. and produces lists, tables, and totals on separate forms or continuous paper.TAPE, MAGNETICA tape or ribbon of any material impregnated or coated with magnetic material on which information may be placed in the form of magnetically polarized spots.TRANSISTORAn electronic device utilizing semi-conductor properties to control the flow of currents from one source in one circuit by currents from another circuit, e.g. a triod transistor permits the control of current in one circuit by the use of a smaller current in another circuit, with the transistor common to both circuits.TUBE, CATHODE-RAYAn electronic vacuum tube containing a screen on which information may be stored by means of a multigrid modulated beam of electrons from the thermionic emitter, storage effected by means of charged or uncharged spots; a storage tube; a Williams tube; an oscilloscope tube; a picture tubeWORDA set of characters which occupies one storage location and is treated by the computer circuits as a unit and transported as such. Ordinarily a word is treated by the control unit as an instruction, and by the arithmetic unit as a quantity. Word lengths are fixed or variable depending on the particular computer.
Ord. Mono. 1961, Bibliography, starting page 138
APPENDIX IX
Bibliography
The following sources were used in the preparation of this monograph. The commercial books (open literature) were used mainly for background information and study while the reports, manuals, interviews, and material prepared by BRL personnel were used directly to write the various chapters. Books
- Giant Brains or Machines That Think by Edmund C. Berkely John Wiley 6. Sons, Inc., New York - 1949
- Basics of Digital Computers by John S. Murphy John F. Rider Publisher, Inc., New York - 1958
- Automatic Digital Computers by M. V. Wilkes John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York - 1956
- Digital Calculating Machines and Their Application to Scientific and Engineering Work by G. A. Montgomerie D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York - 1956
- Computers m Their Operation and Applications by Edmund C. Berkeley and Lawrence Wainwright Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York - 1956
- The Electronic Brain and What It Can Do. by Saul Gorn and Wallace Manheimer Science Research Associates, Inc., Chicago - 1956
- Mathematics - Its Magic and Mastery by Aaron Bakst D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York - 1941
- Electronic Computers - Principles and Applications edited by T. E. Ivall Philosophical Library, New York - 1956
- An Introduction to Automatic Computers by Ned Chapin D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York - 1955, 1957
- Mathematics and Computers by George R. Stibitz and Jules A. Larrivee McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York - 1957
- Automatic Digital Calculators by Andrew D. Booth and Kathleen H. V. Booth Academic Press Inc., Publishers - New York - 1956
- High-Speed Data Processing by C. C. Gotlieb and J. N. P. Hume McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc., New York - 1958
- Electronic Computers and Management Control by George Kozmetsky and Paul Kircher McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York - 1956
- The New York Times - April 30, 1961, Section 11, Advertisement, IBM, The Information Explosion
Reports and Manuals
- First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, June 30, 1945
- The EDVAC - A Preliminary Report on Logic and Design. Research Division Report 48-2, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania - 16 February 1948
- Progress Report on the EDVAC, Vol. I and 11, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania - 30 June 1946
- ORDVAC Manual - 1952 - University of Illinois for Ballistic Research Laboratories - 31 October 1951
- BRL Memorandum Report No. 756, A Review of ORDVAC Operating Experience, by C. R. Williams - January 1954
- A Functional Description.of the EDVAC, Vol. I and II, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1 November 1949
- BRL Report No. 1115, March 1961, A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems, by Martin H. Weik
- BRL Report No. 1010, June 1957, A Second Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems, by Martin H. Weik
- BRL Report No. 971, December 1955, A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems, by Martin H. Weik
Data submitted by BRL Personnel (Computing Laboratory)
- File of general data concerning computers - Mr. Martain H. Weik.
- Story of BRLESC - prepared by Mr. R. J. Bianco.
- Story of BRLESC - prepared by Mr. Martin H. Weik.
- The ENIAC Story, by H. H. Goldstine, P. N. Gillon, and and M. H. Weik.
- The Computer Tree - prepared by Martin H. Weik.
- Data on EDVAC - prepared by Mr. Chester Wallin.
Interviews with BRL personnel (Computing Laboratory)
- Interview with Mr. Melvin Wrublewski, Electronics Engineer, for data regarding problems with ENIAC.
- Interview with Mr. Harold L. Sprinkle, Electronics Engineer, for data regarding problems with ENIAC.
- Interview with Mr. William H. Swann, Electronics Repairman, regarding the Bell Relay Computer.
- Interview with Mr. Chester Wallin, regarding EDVAC.
- Interview with Mr. James Hallman, regarding ORDVAC.
- Interview with Mr. Martin H. Weik, Technical Staff Assisting regarding:
- Computing Systems in general.
- ENIAC
- EDVAC
- ORDVAC
- BRLESC
- Other computing systems in use by the Ordnance Corps, Science, and Industry.
- Suggestions during preparation of monograph.
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