• 1 "control unit" (CU) which could access all system memory and control the 64 processing elements (PEs)
• each "processing element" had some local memory
• each "processing element" had some memory shared with "adjacent" processing elements
• from http://www.gigaflop.demon.co.uk/comp/chapt7.htm#7.4
  many identical interconnected processors under the supervision of a single control unit, see figure 7.1.2. The control unit transmits the same instruction, simultaneously, to all processors.

  All the processing elements simultaneously execute the same instruction and are said to be 'lock-stepped' together. Each processor works on data from its own memory and hence on distinct data streams. (Some systems also provide a shared global memory for communications.) Every processor must be allowed to complete its instruction before the next instruction is taken for execution. Thus, the execution of instructions is said to be synchronous.

  This category corresponds to the array processors discussed in section 2.3.3 and examples include; ILLIAC-IV, PEPE, BSP, STARAN, MPP, DAP and the Connection Machine (CM-1).

• word size 64 bits, can work in a half-word 32 bit mode, then appears as an array of 128 processors.
• front-ended by a Burroughs B6700, later DEC PDP10
• processors are arranged in a linear chain and have nearest-neighbour connections, Every processor is able to address the memory of its nearest neighbours. (In addition to the nearest-neighbour connections the ILLIAC-IV also provides direct short-cut communications between every 9th processing element.) These machines can also be called connected arrays.
• from http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~hankd/CARP/XPC/paper.html
  ... Thus, a GLYPNIR program specification is closely associated with the Illiac IV hardware. The Illiac IV consists of 64 processing elements (PEs) and a single control unit (CU). Each processing element may directly access 2048 words of memory, and may indirectly access any address within the system. Interprocessor communication can take place through an interconnection network that allows PEs to directly communicate with other processors that have logical distances of +-1 or +-8.

• from http://www.cee.vt.edu/evd/Htmls/P417218.html
  Thirteen rotating fixed head disks comprised part of the central system memory of the mid-1960s ILLIAC IV, one of the first computers to use all semiconductor main memories. (from J.A.N. Lee, VPI&SU , Annals of the History of Computing, 10(4), 1988, p. 462.)
• from http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Parallel.html
  Each processor has a peak speed of 4 MFLOPS; the machine's I/O system is capable of 500 Mbit/s.
• from http://www.acn.net.au/cgi-bin/foldoc.cgi?Illiac+IV
  The project started in 1965, it used 64 processors and a 13MHz clock. In 1976 it ran its first sucessfull application. It had 1MB memory (64x16KB).

  Its actual performance was 15 MFLOPS, it was estimated in initial predictions to be 1000 MFLOPS. It totally failed as a computer, only a quarter of the fully planned machine was ever built, costs escalated from the $8 million estimated in 1966 to $31 million by 1972,

• The language was called GLYPNIR, a reference to a rope, in Norse mythology, made to contain a vicious monster.

References

Author Hord, R. Michael, 1940- Title The Illiac IV, the first supercomputer / R. Michael Hord Publ. info. Rockville, Md. : Computer Science Press, c1982

Story of obtaining ILLIAC IV by NASA AMES
Computers and Computational Fluid Dynamics at Ames The story of the center's rise to prominence

Time Line

http://wotug.ukc.ac.uk/parallel/documents/misc/timeline/timeline.txt ========1964======== Air Force signs ILLIAC-IV contract with University of Illinois. The project is led by Daniel Slotnick; primary subcontractors are Burroughs and Texas Instruments. (MW: ILLIAC-IV) ========1975======== ILLIAC-IV becomes operational at NASA Ames after concerted check out effort. (MW: ILLIAC-IV) ========1982======== ILLIAC-IV decommissioned. (GVW: ILLIAC-IV) from http://www.illinimedia.com/di/nov_98/nov6/news/news03.html Mahur said that right around this time, there was a problem with a computer called Illiac IV. According to the Jan. 6, 1970 edition of The Daily Illini, the Department of Defense had been planning to put in a $24 million supercomputer on campus. In return for the computer, government agents would be able to use it for military research. Illiac IV was to be the most powerful computer on the face of the earth at that time. The project, however, was met with hostility by protesters that were suspicious of the University’s tie with the Department of Defense and felt that the University had sold out to a conspiracy. The protests reached a boiling point on May 9, 1970, in a day of "Illiaction." Eventually, the University backed out and Illiac IV was moved to another location. There is a Smash ILLIAC poster at http://images.grainger.uiuc.edu/gcm/ccm/Detail.CFM?Image__imageID=133&decade=All from http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/about/history.html the University of Illinois. 1946 UI faculty attempt to build a computer that can play checkers. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) is built at the University of Pennsylvania by J. P. Eckert and John Mauchly. A year later, the President's Science Advisory Committee Panel on Computers in Higher Education states: "After growing wildly for years, the field of computing now appears to be approaching its infancy." 1948 John von Neumann, a pioneer in computer design at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, suggests that the Illinois research group build a computer. J. Robert Oppenheimer gives Illinois permission to build a copy of von Neumann's proposed machine. John Bardeen co-invents the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories, for which he wins the Nobel Prize in 1956. (He wins another in 1972 for co-developing the theory of superconductivity.) He would become professor of physics and electrical engineering at the University in 1951 . 1949 The U.S. Army and the University of Illinois jointly fund the construction of two computers, ORDVAC and ILLIAC. The Digital Computer Lab is organized. Ralph Meagher, a physicist and chief engineer for ORDVAC, is head. 1951 ORDVAC (Ordnance Variable Automated Computer), one of the fastest in existence, is completed. It was ten feet long, two feet wide, eight and one-half feet high, contained 2,800 vacuum tubes, and weighed five tons. 1952 ORDVAC moves to the Army Ballistic Research Laboratory in Aberdeen, Maryland. It is used remotely from Illinois via a teletype circuit up to eight hours each night until the ILLIAC computer is completed. ILLIAC, the first computer built and owned entirely by an educational institution, becomes operational. It was used by Lajaren Hiller, director of the Experimental Music Studio, to compose and play the Illiac Suite, the first computer-composed composition. UI faculty publish what is believed to be the first journal article in behavioral and social sciences involving a computer. 1955 A four-bit prototype transistorized computer is constructed at UI's Digital Computer Laboratory. 1957 UI faculty demonstrate a flip-flop 10 times faster than any other design in use. The Digital Computer Laboratory becomes a department in the Graduate College. Studies are underway of advances such as transistors, parallel operation, high-speed circuitry, and improved logic to better the usefulness, speed, and reliability of computers. 1958 UI establishes an experimental music studio where digital computers are used to generate music for the first time. Professor James E. Robertson, an electrical engineer who was an expert in error-checking systems, pioneers basic techniques of efficient binary division. The SRT division algorithm, now found both in hardware and software implementations of the divide instruction and widely used in the most powerful microprocessors, is named after D. Sweeney, Robertson, and T.D., who independently invented the method at about the same time. The campus got an IBM 650, which was used in the design of research instruments like high-energy particle accelerators and radio telescopes. 1961 UI faculty demonstrate advanced "virtual load" circuits with one nanosecond rise and fall times. Using the ILLIAC as a computational engine, UI faculty introduce PLATO, ... 1962 ILLIAC II, a transistorized computer 100 times faster than the original ILLIAC, becomes operational. ACM Computing Reviews says of the machine, "...ILLIAC II, at its conception in the mid-1950s, represents, together with some other independent design projects of the same period, the spearhead and breakthrough into a new generation of machines." Researchers from the ALCOR group in Europe join UI faculty in the design of an ALGOL compiler. ILLIAC I was retired. 1963 A pattern recognition computer, being designed at Illinois since 1960, becomes the ILLIAC III project. The machine was to analyze bubble chamber photographs of high energy particle events. (Due to a building fire, it was never finished.) Professor Donald B. Gillies discovered three Mersenne prime numbers in the course of checking out ILLIAC II, including the largest then known prime number, 211213-1, which is over 3,000 digits, putting him in the Guiness Book of Records for a time. 1965 The University of Illinois and Burroughs collaborate on the development of the ILLIAC IV, the largest and fastest computer in the world. The ILLIAC IV project, headed by Professor Daniel Slotnick, pioneers the new concept of parallel computation. Slotnick had worked under John von Neumann at Princeton. ILLIAC IV was a SIMD computer (single instruction, multiple data) and it marked the first use of circuit card design automation outside IBM. It was also the first to employ ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) integrated circuits and multilayer (up to twelve layers) circuit boards on a large scale. Most notable was its use of semiconductor memory. Undergraduate degree program in math/computer science is established in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. 1967 ILLIAC II is retired, the second addition to DCL was completed, and the department installed its first IBM 360, which was incorporated into the ILLINET, one of the earliest computer networks.. 1972 UI Professor John Bardeen shares the Nobel Prize in physics for developing the theory of superconductivity. It is Bardeen's second; the first was for inventing the transistor. Undergraduate degree program in computer science is established in the College of Engineering. 1974 ILLIAC IV becomes operational at the Institute for Advanced Computation, Moffett Field, California. The Office of Telecommunications and Computer Services Office merged to form CCSO, the Computing and Communications Services Office. 1975 Illinois is awarded UNIX license number one by Bell Laboratories. Graduate student Greg Chesson becomes the third person to contribute to the Bell Labs UNIX kernel. 1976 Illinois researchers use computers to prove the four-color theorem, a long standing conjecture in graph theory. 1978 University of Illinois Library, the largest public university library in the country, is among the first to provide public on-line access to a major collection. Today, the catalog accesses more than four million records in UI's collection.

from http://acomp.stanford.edu/siliconhistory/Flamm/Flamm_TargetComputer.html
... very expensive ILLIAC IV supercomputer. This machine was dismantled at the end of the 1970s and so too was NASA's computer research budget. Construction in the early 1980s of NASA's massively parallel processor (MPP) and its numerical aerodynamic simulator (NAS) boosted the agency's computer research once again.

from http://tractor.mcs.kent.edu/~walker/classes/pdc.f99/lectures/L02.pdf
Illiac IV History

• Major speedup alternatives:
  • Overlap (pipelining & buffering)
  • Multiprocessors
  • SIMD (duplicate the PE. not the CU)
    • Vector processor
• Three earlier designs (vacuum tubes and transistors) culminating in the Illiac IV design, all at the University of Illinois
  • Logical organization similar to the Solomon (prototyped by Westinghouse)
  • Sponsored by DARPA, built by various companies, assembled by Burroughs
  • Plan was for 256 PEs, in 4 quadrants of 64 PEs, but only one quadrant was built
  • Used at NASA Ames Research Center in mid-1970s

• One CU (control unit), 64 PEs (processing elements), each PE has a PEM (PE memory)
• CU operates on scalars, PEs on vectors
  • All PEs execute the instruction broadcast by the CU, if they are in active mode
  • Each PE can perform various arithmetic and logical instructions
  • Each PE has a 2048-word 64-bit memory, can be accessed in less than 350 ns
  • PEs can operate on data in 64-bit, 32-bit, and 8-bit formats
• Data can be routed between PEs in various ways
• I/O is handled by a separate Burroughs B6500 computer (stack architecture)

• Array = CU + processor array
• CU (Control Unit)
  • Controls the 64 PEs (vector operations)
  • Can afso execute instructions (scalar ops)
  • 64 64-bit scratchpad registers
  • 4 64-bit accumulators
• PE (Processing Element)
  • 64 PEs, numbered 0 through 63
  • RGA = accumulator
  • RGB = for second operand
  • RGR = routing register, for communication
  • RGS = temporary storage
  • RGX = index register for insfruction addrs.
  • RGD = indicates active or inactive slate
• PEM (PE Memory)
  • Each PE has a 2048-worci 64-bit local random-access memory
  • PE 0 can only access PEM 0, etc.
• PU (Processing Unit) = PE + PEM
• Data paths
  • CU bus 8 words of instructions or data can be fetched from a PEM and sent to the CU (Instructions distributed in PEMs)
  • CDB (Common Data Bus) broadcasts information from CLJ to all PEs
  • Routing network PE / is connected to PE/-1,PE/+1,PE 1-8, and PE 1+8
  • Wraps around, data may require multiple transfers to reach its destination
  • Mode bit line single line from RGD of each PE to the CU

• Consider the following FORTRAN code:
  DO 10 I = 1, 64
  10 A(1)=B(1)+C(1)

  • Put A(1), B(1), C(1)on PU 1, etc.
    • Each PE loads RGA from base+1, adds base+2, stores into base, where "base" is base of data in PEM
    • Each PE does this simultaneously, giving a speed up of 64
  • For less than 64 array elements, some processors will sit idle
  • For more than 64 array elements, some processors might have to do more work

  For some algorithms, it may be desirable to turn off PEs

  • 64 PEs compute, then one half passes data to other half, then 32 PEs compute, etc.

• I/O system = I/O subsystem, DFS, and a B6500 control computer
• I/O subsystem
  • CDC (Control Descriptor Controller) interrupts the B6500 upon request by the CU, also loads programs and data from the DFS into the PEM array
  • BIOM (Buffer I/O Memory) buffers (much faster) data from DFS lo CPU
  • IOS (I/O Switch) selects Input from DFS vs. real-time data
• DFS (Disk File System?)
  • 1 Gbit, 128 heads (one per track)
  • 2 channels, each of which can transmit or receive data at 0.5 Gb/s over a 256-bit bus (1 Gb/s using both channels)
• B6500 control computer
  • CPU, memory, peripherals (card reader, card punch, line printer, 4 magnetic tape units, 2 disk files, console printer, and keyboard)
  • Manages requests for system resources
  • OS, compilers, and assemblers
  • Laser memory
    • 1 Tbit write-once read-only laser memory
    • Thin film of metal on a polyester sheet, on a rotating drum
    • 5 seconds to access random data
  • ARPA network link
    • High-speed network (50 Kbps)
    • Illiac IV system was a network resource available to other members of the ARPA network

• Illiac IV delivered to NASA Ames Research Center in 1972, operational sometime (?) after mid -1975
  • Eventually operated M-F, 60-80 hours of uptime, 44 hours of maintenance / downtime
• No real OS, no shared use of Illiac IV, one user at a time
  • An OS and two languages (TRANQUIL & GLYPNIR) were written at Illinois
  • At NASA Ames, since POP-10 and PDP-11 computers were used in place of the B6500, new software was needed, and a new language called CFD was written for solving differential equations

• "Computer Structures: Readings and Examples", (1971 edition) by C. Gordon Bell & Allen Newell, Part 4, Section 2, Chapter 27

from Gene Wagenbreth - April 2015

[ Gene is reputed to have moved from Illinois to NASA Ames with the ILLIAC IV ] My main memories are anecdotes. One strange fact is that John Warnock and Charles Simoni both worked on Illiac at the Institute for Advanced Computation. Warnock went on to be the founder and CEO of Adobe. Simoni became a big guy at Microsoft. I think he was in charge of MS Word. After leaving Microsoft he twice paid to ride Soyuz to the Space Station. I see him on TV hanging out with Martha Stewart. He was one of the smartest people I ever met, and was very weird. Mel Pertle used to make fun of him at staff meetings. I never heard him say anything that didnt end up being true. He had a strong Hungarian accent that was difficult to understand. At Microsoft he came up with a naming convention for variables that was called Hungarian Notation. I have never seen an article on him that says he was associated with Illiac IV. Its as if its a part of his past he isnt proud of. Mel Pirtle asked me and someone else whose name I forget to develop a parallel procesing language that "would do for parallel processing what SNOBOL did for string processing". We were given 6 months or a year. We failed. Mel was disappointed in us. 40 years later with work by hundreds of the best minds in the field this has still not been done, so I don't feel as bad as I did at the time. I wrote a prime number program for Illiac, but never got it debugged. If I had, Illiac would have discovered the largest prime number known at the time, and Illiac and I would have been in the history books. Occassionally I see the list of prime records and regret that my name isnt on them. But I couldnt get my assembly language multiple precision arithmetic routine working.

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Updated April 2015