The period following 1944 witnessed outstanding technological progress in air defense artillery weapons and a rapid growth in the responsibilities of the Air Defense School. Technologically, weapons progressed from the 40-mm, 90-mm, and 120-mm guns through the Skysweeper, Nike Ajar, and Nike Hercules, to Hawk and Improved Nike Hercules.

On 1 July 1957, after several changes in its name, the School was designated as the US Army Air Defense School.

US ARMY AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL

The School (fig 114) provides all required career and specialist school education and training for selected students, both officer and enlisted, of all components of the Army. Emphasis in all instruction is on the art of leadership. The School also provides career and specialist school education and training for selected students of other US military services, military students from friendly nations, civilian personnel employed by US Government agencies, and personnel of industrial or research organizations under contract to the US Government.

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT

The assistant commandant supervises the operation of the US Army Air Defense School, acts for the commandant as directed, and assumes the duties and responsibilities of the commandant during his absence.

DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMANDANT

The deputy assistant commandant assists in the supervision of the operation of the US Army Air Defense School and acts for the assistant commandant as directed.

SENIOR USAF-USMC REPRESENTATIVES

The senior US Air Force representative develops and presents instruction on US Air Force subjects; performs liaison between US Air Force agencies and the School and USAADCEN agencies: and advises the commandant, staff, and faculty on organization, functions, doctrine, procedures, and capabilities of the US Air Force.

The senior US Marine Corps representative develops and presents instruction on US Navy and US Marine Corps subjects, performs liaison between US Marine Corps and US Navy agencies and the School and USAADCEN agencies, and exercises supervision over US Marine Corps personnel stationed at Fort Bliss.

BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT OFFICE

The chief of the Budget and Management Office acts as the principal staff element for budgeting, internal control of funds, management engineering, manpower control, and statistical reporting and analysis. The Office serves as School coordinating agency for Project TRIM--Army Cost Reduction Program.

ORGANIZATION OF US ARMY AIR DEFENSE SCHOOL

AND

MISSIONS OF PRINCIPAL OFFICES

Figure 114. Air Defense School organization.

SECRETARY

The secretary serves as the administrative executive for the School. He supports the operation of the School with administrative military personnel, message center, automatic data processing, student actions, academic records, bookstore, library civilian personnel, and special prolects services. He also supervises the School safety program and acts as the School contact point for senior foreign liaison representatives.

SCHOOL SUPPORT COMMAND

Commanding Officer, School Support Command, commands all units and personnel of the School Support Command. The School Support Command provides administrative, logistical, and training (nonacademic) support for US students and the School staff and faculty; provides administrative and logistical support for foreign military students; provides logistical and security services in support of School operations; and exercises summary and special courtsmartial jurisdiction Over assigned and attached US Army enlisted personnel.

DIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTION

The director of instruction directs the academic department, coordinates their instruction operation, supports the conduct of School operation, prepares plans for the academic requirements, and provides television Instructional facilities for the School. He maintains liaison with, provides guidance and support to, and acts as the School's point of contact for the US Army Human Research Unit.

DIRECTOR OF DOCTRINE REVIEW AND TRAINING LITERATURE

The director of doctrine review and training literature develops equipment training plans and devices; acts as the combat development staff element of the School: prepares and keeps current air defense artillery Army-wide, applicatory-type training literature; provides staff supervision for preparation of School instructional publications; develops and revises air defense artillery and fire distribution system maintenance MOS evaluation test materials; studies and recommends revision of MOS specificiations for enlisted, warrant officer, and officer personnel; develops and revises a resycling policy for air defense artillery advanced individual training; assists in the production of air defense training films; and provides training support for the exchange officer at the School of Artillery, Manorbier, United Kingdom.

COMMAND AND STAFF DEPARTMENT

The director of the Command and Staff Department is responsible for conducting instsuction in command and staff matters of air defense, combined arms, nuclear weapons, and missile science; participates in the evolution and formulation of doctrine; participates in the preparation, review, and revision of Army-wide training literature, training films, and MOS evaluation tests; supports air defense instruction at other service schools; monitors School troops demonstrations and field exercises; and sponsors senior officer courses of instruction.

MISSILE ELECTRONICS AND FIRE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

The director of the Missile Electronics and Fire Distribution Systems Department is responsible for conducting instruction in electronics, digital technology, and fire distribution systems; participates in the evolution and formulation of doctrine: participates in the preparerion. review and revision of Army-wide training literature, training films, and MOS evaluation rests; and maintains equipment.

LOW ALTITUTE MISSILE DEPARTMENT

The director of the Low Altitude Missile Department is responsible for conducting insrmction in the low-altinde air defense weapon systems and associated subjects: participates in the evolution and formulation of doctrine; participates in the preparation, review, and revision of Army-wide training literature, training films, and MOS evaluation tests; and maintains equipment.

HIGH ALTITUDE MISSILE DEPARTMENT

The director of the Nigh Altitude Missile Department is responsible for conducting instruction in the operational Nike missile systems, their associated radar signal simulators, alternate battery and defense acquisition radars, and electronics warfare; participates in the evolution and formulation of doctrine; participates in the preparation, review, and revision of Army-wide training literature, training films, and MOS evaluation tests; and maintain. equipment.

NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT

The director of the Nonresident Instruction Department prepares and administers air defense elbensioa courses, prepares and provides instructional material for Army Reserve Components, and distributes School-published material to authorized agencies.

ACADEMIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Since the initiation of air defense artillery instruction in 19(2 the Air Defense School has graduated more than 195,000 students. During World War II, more than 60,000 irdividUals were graduated from courses conducted at the School.

During FY 65, the School conducted 57 courses (US and non-US) for 313 graduated classes. Courses varied in length from 1 to 59 weeks. Included in the 7,088 graduates during FY 65 were 2,014 from other countries. In terms of air defense artillery skills, the graduates included:

• 2,791 maintenance technicians on Nike Hercules and Hawk missile systems.
• 441 instructors and operators qualified in BCM and ECCM.
• 1,080 operators and technicians in fire distribution system equipment.
• 2,776 unit commanders and other officers.

Figure 115. Air Defense School graduates by fiscal years.

The development of organizational concepts, materiel requirements, and doctrine requires close coordination with many agencies. USACDCADA maintains liaison with the Communications-Electronics Agency, USACDC, for the use of frequencies; with the Aviation Agency; USACDC, for the use of airspace; and with other combined arms agencies as the plans and programs become more finalized. Liaison is also maintained with major oversea commands and Allied nations to facilitate a fully coordinated national and international air and space defense program and to take advantage of technical developments made by others. Close coordinadon with the ALT Defense School, Air Defense Board, and other agencies at Fort Bliss permits taking advantage of the knowledge of air defense artillery personnel assigned to these agencies. USACDCADA keeps tbese agencies informed of new developments so that future requirements for training mechanics, operators, and supervisors for future air defense artillery systems can be planned.

The research tasks presently being conducted by HUMRRO Division No. 5 are concerned with:

• Developing concepts of aircraft recognition training (Task STAR).
• Improving methods for training radar technicians (Task HAWKEYE).
• Methods of deriving instructional objectives (Task INGO).

• Training methods for forward area air defense artillery weapons.
• Requirements for research support of Nike X training.
• Motivation in technical training.

McGregor Guided Missile Range, organized under the Range Command, US Army Air Defense Center, Fort Bliss, is the largest inland air defense missile range in the free world. Located in the State of New Mexico, the range encompasses 1,210 square miles (684,000 acres).

To meet the increasing need for a larger range and to replace the range at Red Canyon, New Mexico, McGregor Range was established on 13 July 1956. The range became operational as a Nike guided missile range in April 1957. From April 1957 until June 1959, the support of package firings remained the primary mission of McCregor Range.

Buildup continued and by mid-1959 McGregor Range was capable of supporting ARADCOM annual service practice units. On 12 August 1959, the first missile was fired at McGregor Range in support of ARADCOM annual service practice. McCregor Guided Missile Range has supported all Nike Afax and Nike Hercules training firings by units from throughout the free world with the exception of a few battalions conducting service practice on site.

With the activation of the first Hawk battalion in 1959, plans got underway at McGregor for support of the Hawk training firing missions. The first Hawk missile was fired there in June 1960.

McGregor Range, in addition to its training mission, has hosted several outstanding programs under the supervision of the US Army Air Defense Center. Thousands of United States citizens and citizens of Allied countries have seen demonstrations of our air defense capabilities. Nearly 10, 000 surface-to-air missile firing missions have been completed at McGregor Range.

To assist the School in keeping abreast of the Latest air defense artillery materiel developments, representatives are stationed at the School of Artillery, Pembrokeshire, Manorbier, United Kingdom; at the pacific Field Office, Nike X Prolect, Kwajalefn Atoll, Marshall Islands; and at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey.

The close worldng relationship of the School with the Air Defense Board and Combat Developments Command Air Defense Agency is a contributing factor in keeping abreast of technical developments. The Air Defense Executive Conference (ADEX) grew from this relationship .